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2019/11/221TheTrialthatRockedtheWorld2019/11/222•styleoftext•ThestyleisNARRATION(SROTYTELLING).Therearethreeelementsanarration(plot,characters,andbackground).•Plotoftext:•(1)Beginning:IwasindictedonMay7,andmycasebecamesnowball.•(2)Climax:BryanandMaloneagainstwithDarrow.•(3)Ending:Theverdictwasguilty.Called“victoriousdefeat”•Characters:(JohnScopes、WilliamJenningsBryan、ClarenceDarrow、2019/11/223•Languagestyle•(1)Styleisformalandpersuasivebywayofconversation.•(2)Thedescriptionoftheactivitiesbydifferentpeopleoutsidethelittlecourtissovivid,vigorousandlively.•(3)Thewritermakesuseofmanyrhetoricaldevice.2019/11/224•Rhetoricaldevice•Hyperbole:Itisthedeliberationuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.•E.g.TheTrialthatRockedtheWorld.•Sarcasm(itusesharshorbitterderisionorirony.Asharplyironicaltaunt;sneeringorcutting)•E.g.thereissomedoubtaboutthat.(para.19)•2019/11/225•Oxymoron(Arhetoricalfigureinwhichincongruousorcontradictorytermsarecombined,asinadeafeningsilenceandamournfuloptimist):Themostcommonformofoxymoroninvolvesanadjective-nouncombinationoftwowords.E.g.DudleyFieldMalonecalledmyconvictiona“victoriousdefeat”.(para45)2019/11/226•Transferredepithet:Anepithetisanadjective(orphrasecontaininganadjective)oradverbwhichmodifies(describes)anoun.•E.g.Darrowhadwhisperedthrowingareassuringarmroundmyshoulder.(para2)•Ridicule(unkinddescriptionsthatintendtomakesomeoneorsomethingstupid.):e.g.Bryanmoppedhisbalddomeinsilence.(35)•Synecdoche(anexpressionforarepresentativeentitycanstandforwhatisrepresented.)e.g.thecasehaderuptedroundmyhead…(para3)2019/11/227Somequestionsforthetext:•Questionsfortheunderstandingofthetext:1.Whattypeofwritingisthis?2.Whatdoweanticipate,predictwhenseeingthetitle?•3.Inwhatorderisthestorytold?•ANarration•Injustice,persecution,violationofhumanrights,ignoranceprevailingintelligence,etc.•Flashback2019/11/2282019/11/229I.BackgroundInformation•JohnScopes&Darwin2019/11/2210•DarrowPKBryan2019/11/2211MonkeyTrial•EvolutionPKBible2019/11/2212Sceneinthecourt2019/11/2213JohScopes•He,whothenwasahighschoolscienceteacherinDayton,atowninTennessee,wasaccusedofbreakingthelaw,thatis,thelawprohibitingtheteachingof“anytheorythatdeniesthestoryofcreationastaughtintheBible,”forteachingevolution.2019/11/2214JohnScopes2019/11/2215JohnScopes•HewasincourtinacaseknownastheScopesTrial.HistrialwasahighlypublicizedconfrontationbetweendefenseattorneyClarenceDarrowanddirectoroftheprosecution,WilliamJenningsByran.Scopeswasfoundguiltyandfinedanominalsum,buthisconvictionwaslaterreversedontechnicalgrounds.ThenameofJohnScopesbecamesynonymouswithhistrial,whichispopularlyknownastheMonkeyTrial.Afilm,calledInherittheWind,wasmadefromthetrial,withmuchofthedialoguecomingdirectlyformtranscriptsofthecourtproceedings.2019/11/2216•Asthelastsurvivingprincipal(party)ofthefamousTennessee“MonkeyTrial”of1925,hedecidedtowriteastorydescribingthehighlightsofthetrial.2019/11/22172019/11/22182.(1809-1882)Darwin’stheoryofevolution:•Thetheoryisconciselystatedas“alllivingforms,plantsandanimals,includingman,havedevelopedfromearlierandsimplerformsbyprocessesofchangeandnaturalselection.CharlesDarwinwasanEnglishnaturalistandbiologist;originatorofthetheoryofman’sevolutionbynaturalselection.Hisbestknownworks,OriginofSpecies.2019/11/2219HisOriginofSpecies(1859)andDescentofMen(1871)exertedastrongimpactinthehistoryofWesternthought.Inhisbooks,Darwinhypothesizedthatoverthemillenniamanhadevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.Humanswerespecial,notbecauseGodhadcreatedtheminHisimage,butbecausetheyhadsuccessfullyadaptedtochangingenvironmentalconditionsandhadpassedontheirsurvival，makingcharacteristicsgenetically.Survivalofthefittestisthefactorprincipleofthesurvivaloftheformsofplantandanimallifebestfittedforexistingconditions,whilerelatedbutlessfitformsbecomeextinct.2019/11/22203.Fundamentalism:•FundamentalistmovementreferstoaconservativeandfanaticallyreligiousAmericanProtestantmovementthatbeganintheearly20thinoppositiontomodernscientifictendency;itheldthattheBibleisaverballyaccuraterecordingofthewordofGod.•FundamentalismreferstoreligiousbeliefsbasedonaliteralinterpretationofeverythingintheBibleandregardedasfundamentaltoChristianfaithandmorals.2019/11/2221原教旨主义最先在美国基督教新教中出现，时间是20世纪20年代。其观念形式在神学中是一种自我意识的对现代主义的批判。19世纪最后10年至一战期间，达尔文主义广泛传播，影响到社会各领域。它严重冲击了传统观念和文化，尤其是对《圣经》构成了直接威胁。人们对《圣经》和道德提出了怀疑，教会于是分裂成两派，一派是自由主义，20世纪早期称此思潮为“现代主义”。它对基督教教义进行了调整，用现代哲学、历史和科学知识对传统教义和《圣经》重新解释，目的是调和基督教教义和现代科学之间的矛盾。另一派是原教旨主义。原教旨主义者认为《圣经》是神的启示，是绝对真理。2019/11/22224.WilliamJenningsBryan:•Hewasalawyerandapoliticiansimultaneously.Hisold-fashionedfundamentalismmadehimpopularamongsomeofthecommonpeople.Duringthelast10yearsofhislife,hebecamemoreandmorefanatical.Hisappearanceatthemonkeytrialwashislastappearanceinpublicbeforedeathin1925.Inthistrial,hisignoranceandnarrownessemergedclearly.2019/11/22232019/11/2224•HewastheDemocraticparty’spesidentialnomineethreetimes(1896,1900,1908).•In1912hehelpedtosecurethenominationofWoodrowWilsonforthepresidency,andWilsonnamedhimsecretaryofstatein1913.•InWorldWarIheadvocatedapolicyofneutral