第八章堰流及闸孔出流8—1有一无侧收缩的矩形薄壁堰,上游堰高P1为0.5m,堰宽L为0.8m,堰顶水头H为0.6m,下游水位不影响堰顶出流。求通过的流量。•解:•无侧收缩则•下游水位不影响堰顶出流,则111s0.025Hm10.61.220.5HP10.3P•矩形薄壁堰流量系数010.00070.4030.053HmPH0.60.00070.0430.0530.50.60.4683202QmbgH320.4680.829.80.630.77ms8—2某河流中有单孔溢流坝如图所示。剖面按WES曲线设计。已知:筑坝处河底高程为12.20m,坝顶高程为20.00m,上游设计水位高程为21.31m,下游水位高程为16.35m,坝前河道近似矩形,河宽B为100m,边墩头部呈弧形。试求上游为设计水位时,通过流量Q为100m3/s所需的堰顶宽度?•解:•由已知数据可得:21.3120.001.31dHm120.0012.207.8Pm01000.1/21.3112.201009.11QUmsB7.85.951.331.31为高坝,可忽略行近流速水头,0dHH•当时,流量系数为。•对边墩头部呈圆弧形,形状系数无闸墩取故•侧收缩系数•非淹没取•流量0dHH0.502dm0.2ak1121napHknknb1.31120.201b0.5241b1s32102sQmnbgH解此方程故320.5240.5021129.81.31bb3.3341.747b1.7471001.74730.523.3343.334Qbm8—3某电站溢洪道拟采用曲线实用堰,今已知:(1)溢流坝上游设计水位高程为267.85m;(2)设计流量为;(3)相应的下游水位高程为;(4)筑坝处河底高程为;(5)上游河道近似三角形断面,水面宽B为。已确定溢流坝作成三孔,每孔净宽b为16m;闸墩头部为半圆形;边墩头部为圆弧形。要求:(1)设计堰的剖面形状,确定堰顶高程;(2)当上游水位高程分别是267.0m及269.0m时,所设计的堰剖面通过的流量各为多少(下游水位低于堰顶)?(3)当通过流量Q为6000时,计算所需的上游水位高程。dQ36840/ms210.5m180m200m3/ms解:(一)设计堰的剖面形状,确定堰顶高程1根据已知资料计算设计水头••(1)•对WES剖面,先假设为高堰,即,•取,,(非淹没)•侧收缩系数(2)•式中已知:2312dsQHmnbg11.33dPH0dHH0.502dm1s1121dapHknknb3n边墩形状系数2型闸墩在时,代入式(2)得,(3)代(3)式入(1)式得用试算法由上式求得堰顶高程为16bm0.1ak01dHH0.0125pk1120.1310.0125316dH10.00521dH640110.005210.50231629.8ddHH17dHm267.8517250.85m•验证前面的假定是否正确:•上游堰高•流量系数=0.052是正确的。•又•下游水位低于堰顶,为自由出流。取是正确的。1250.85180.070.85Pm170.854.121.3317dPmHdm210.5250.8540.55sh1s2设计堰的剖面形状•采用WES剖面,堰顶O点上游三圆弧的半径及水平坐标值为:•BO圆弧段:10.500.50178.5dRHm20200.20173.4dRHm30.040.04170.68dRHm10.1750.175172.975dxHm20.2760.276174.692dxHm30.2820.282174.794dxHmOC曲线段:•曲线方程为•即(4)•按(4)式算得的坐标值列于下表:x123456789y0.0450.1620.3430.5850.8831.2381.6452.112.6211.860.5ddyxHH1.861.860.860.51722.229xxy10111214161820222426283.1853.8004.6205.9357.5989.44811.48213.69516.08718.65421.396根据表中数值绘得堰顶曲线OC如解8-3图所示。CD值线段:•取坡度,则•确定C的坐标:•又•故有0.7am550.851.8522.229dyxdx110.7adydxm0.851.85122.2290.7x•即•反弧半径按下式计算:•式中:上游水位差•代入(5)式得10.8522.22928.3480.71.85cxm1.851.8528.34821.8922.22922.229ccxymmax0.250.5drHZmax267.8521.5Z57.35m17dHm0.250.51757.35r18.58837.175m•取•反弧圆心点O的坐标为:•D点的坐标:•E的坐标:25rm02180552cacxxmPyrctg28.3480.770.8521.892575.634m0270.852548.85yPrm0sin75.63425sin5555.155Dxxrm0cos45.8525cos5560.189Dyyrm075.634Exxm170.85EyPm剖面图见解8-3图(二)当上游水位高程分别是267.0m及269.0m时,所设计的堰剖面通过的流量。上游水位为267.0m时,运行水头H为:而故,查图8-12得,则下游水位低于堰顶。为非淹没出流267.0250.8516.15Hm17dHm16.150.95117dHH0.975,dmm0.9750.5020.4895m1s•取•查图8-14得,则•故•当上游水位为269.0m时:0.1ak0.015pk116.15120.1310.0153160.91332102sQmnbgH3210.9130.489531629.816.1536167.8/ms269.0250.8518.15Hm•而•故,查图8-12得•则•取,则17dHm18.151.068117dHH1.008,dmm1.0080.5020.506m1s0.01pk118.15120.1310.010.90933163210.90930.50631629.818.15Q37565.2/ms(三)当通过流量为6000时,计算所需的上游水位高程。•此时的运行水头为(6)•取•代入(6)式,用试算法得初值3/ms320160002sdHmnbg1s0.502dm01120.1310.0125316H010.00521H0115.5Hm•查图8-12得•代入(6)式,由此再算得,取•注意到,即,故上游水位高程为015.50.9121,17dHH0.9850.5020.4944,m0201011.2%5%HHH015.68Hm11.33dPH0HHudH15.68250.85266.53m8—4某灌溉进水闸为3孔,每孔宽为10m;闸墩头部为半圆形,闸墩厚为3m;边墩头部为圆弧形,边墩计算厚度为2m;闸前行进流速;其它数据如图所示。试确定相应于不同下游水位时过闸流量:(1)下游水位高程为17.75m(2)下游水位高程为16.70m解:(一)当下游水位高程为17.75m时:•堰型:,11266Pm18126Hm1836H18m•因,故该水闸为宽顶堰流•流态:水流为淹没出流•由此查表8—4得•流量系数:2.516H22000.566.013229.8HHmg17.75125.75shm05.750.9560.86.013shH0.59s1130.360.011.21.5PHmPH•侧收缩系数•中孔•边孔6360.360.0161.21.560.3674141130.166110.2BBPH430.110101110310360.260.984130.11010111022102260.260.97•取加权平均值•流量(二)当下游水位高程为16.70m时,为自由出流1111nn310.980.9730.976732102sQmnbgH320.590.97670.367431029.86.0133414.9/ms16.70124.70shm04.700.780.86.013shH•取•则1s32102QmnbgH320.97670.367431029.86.0133702.2/ms8—5某拦河闸共9孔,每孔宽为14m;闸墩厚d为3.5m,闸墩头部为圆形,边墩迎水面为圆弧形,圆弧半径r=5m,计算厚度Δ为3m;闸前水位高程为18m;闸底板高程为6m;闸前行近流速v0为3m/s;下游水位不影响出流。试确定闸门全开时的过闸流量。题8—5图•解:•该水闸当闸门全开时可按无坎宽顶堰计算,水头•因下游水位不影响出流,可视为自由出流,•即•流量系数对多孔闸采用加权平均值:•中孔流量系数:18.006.0012Hm2002HHg2131212.4629.8m1s1m21.75140.125rdbb•查表8—5得•边孔流量系数:•查表8—5得•加权平均值140.8143.5bbBbd10.366m2m140.721423bbBb50.3614rb20.367m121nmmmn910.3660.36790.3661•流量3202sQmnbgH3210.366191429.812.4638987.8/ms8—6一具有水平顶的堰,各部分尺寸如图示(图中单位为米)。试求:(1)判断堰的类型。(2)计算通过堰的流量。解:(一)判断堰的类型:为宽顶堰13.5m5Hm13.52.75H2.510H•(二)计算流量:为低堰,要考虑行进流速的影响。但流量未知,因此要采用逐步近似计算法。•首先假设•查表8—2得淹没系数12Pm120.41.335PH05HHm04.50.90.85shH0.84s•流量系数•侧收缩系数1130.320.010.460.75PHmPH2350.320.0120.460.7550.35404113110.2bbBBPH430.16611101020.250.958•第一次近似计算流量:321102sQmbgH320.840.9580.354629.85384.66/ms0184.661.21/107QVmsA2200111.2155.075229.8HHmg•第二次近似计算流量:,为淹没出流。查表8—2得4.50.8870.85.075shH0.88s3220.880.9580.