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高三英语语法（十二）虚拟语气一.虚拟语气的类型1、实际意义上的虚拟语气。Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.2、虚拟语气形式。Theorderwasthatwe(should)staywherewewere.二.实际意义上的虚拟语气1、小小顺口溜虚拟语气并不难,从句时态都提前,主句would加在前，注意动词要还原。（省略if要倒装）e.g.1）IfIwereinyourshoes,Iwouldaccepttheterms.2）Ifwehadleftearlier,wewouldn’thavemissedthetrain.3）IwishIwereascleverasyou2、虚拟语气在条件句中的应用所述情况if从句主句与过去相反if+主语+haddone主语+would/could/might/should+havedone与现在相反if+主语+did（be动词用were）主语+would/could/might/should+do与将来相反①if+主语+did②if+主语+wereto+do③if+主语+should+do主语+would/could/might/shoulddo①此表中需要注意几点：1．be动词在表示与现在事实相反的从句中一般用were。在非正式情况下，第一、第三人称后偶尔也用was。如：Ifhewere/wasyou,hewouldgoatonce.2．主句中的should通常用于第一人称，would,could以及might可以用于各种人称。3．在表示与将来事实相反的条件句中，只能用should，而不能用would,could和might等。如：Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.（shouldrain也可以用rained,weretorain代替）4、主句和if条件句时态不一致（单独虚拟）。如：Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.Ifyouwereinbetterhealth,wewouldhaveallowedyoutojointheminthework.②含蓄条件句有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来替代条件句。1．用介词短语替代条件句。常用介词有with,without,butfor等。如：Wecouldn’thavesucceededwithoutyourhelp(=Ifwehadn’tgotyourhelp).Whatwouldyoudowithamilliondollars?Butfortherain（=Ifithadn’tbeenfortherain）,wewouldhavefinishedthework.2.假设的情况又是可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如：1）Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthehasbeenill.2）Iwasillthatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavetakenpartintheparade.(ifIhadn’tbeenill,…)★but,otherwise连接的两个并列的分句存在单独虚拟现象，即：一个分句为虚拟句，另一个分句为真实句。3）Itwouldbeamistakenottohelphim.(Itwouldbeamistakeifwedidn’thelphim.)Anyoneinherpositionwouldhavedonethesame.★有些句子相当于一个条件从句，谓语也可用虚拟语气。4）Supposewetoldherthetruth.5）Imagineyourchildplayedtruant.③省略if的情况如果从句中含有系动词、情态动词或助动词（were,had,should或could）时，可省略if，把从句中的were,had或should或could提到其主语前形成倒装结构。如：Hadwemade(=Ifwehadmade)adequatepreparations,wemighthavesucceeded.Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?3、实际意义上虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用（从句时态都提前）①wish后that引导的宾语从句中。如：IwishIwereascleverasyou.Iwishhewouldtryagain.（表示与将来事实相反）②asif（though）引导的表语从句或方式状语从句中。如：Helooksasif/thoughhewereanartist.③wouldrather后的宾语从句中。（wouldrather后不能加that。）从句谓语用一般过去时来表示与现在或将来要做的相反的事情，用过去完成时来表示与过去发生的相反的事情。如：I’dratheryoudidn’tgothere.(与将来相反）I’dratherwehadarestnow.（与现在相反）I’dratheryouhadbeenhereyesterday.（与过去相反）④Ifonly引导的感叹句中。如：IfonlyIwereabird.（我要是只鸟就好了。）三.虚拟语气形式1)复合句中含有suggest,advise,recommend,propose,(建议、安排）demand,require(request),ask,urge,desire,(要求、渴望）insist,order（坚持、命令）等,以及其派生词（如：suggestion,advice…idea)复合句中所含有的名词性从句中的谓语动词要用shoulddo,should可以省略。如：Thedoctorsuggested/insistedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays.Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)giveuptheplan.注意：当suggest作“暗示、表明”讲，insist作“坚持说”讲，即坚持事实是怎样时，后边that从句不用虚拟语气。如：Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.Thelookonhisfacesuggestedthathewasangry.2)在Itis+形容词(necessary,important,natural,strange,etc.)+that从句中，从句中的谓语动词要用shoulddo,should可以省略。如：It’snecessarythatwe(should)cleantheroomeveryday.3）在Itis/wasapity（ashame,nowonder,etc.）+that从句中，从句中的谓语动词要用shoulddo,should可以省略。如：Itwasapitythatourteamshouldlosethegame.★当然上面2)、3)两类的that从句中也可以不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气。如：Itisstrangethathedidnotcomeyesterday.Itisapitythatyoucan’tdance.4)Itis（high/about）time（thatsb.did）…句式中常用动词的过去式。此句型表示“该……”，用来表示提议。如：Itishightimewestartedout.5)以inorderthat,sothat(或起同样作用的that)引起的从句中谓语动词多用may或might加动词原形构成，在口语中也常用can或could加动词原形。如：Shestayedathomeforafewdayssothatshemight(could)takecareofhermother.6)以forfearthat和incasethat引起的从句中，位于动词多用shoulddo.如：Hetookhisraincoatwithhimincasethat/forfearthatitshouldrain.四.某些表祝愿的句子也需要用虚拟语气。1）用原形Longliveworldpeace!Godblessyou!2)由may加动词原形构成Mayyoubehappyallyourlife.