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EnglishLexicology(英语词汇学)1.EnglishlexicologyaimsatinvestigatingandstudyingthemorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandwordequivalents,theirsemanticstructures,relations,historicaldevelopment,formationandusages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。2.EnglishLexicologyiscorrelatedwithsuchlinguisticdisciplinesasmorphology(形态学),semantics(语义学),etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）andlexicography(词典学)Chapter1--Basicconceptsofwordsandvocabulary1.Word（词的定义）:Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage(2)asoundunity(3)aunitofmeaning(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。2.Soundandmeaning（声音与意义）:almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”3.Soundandform（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）theEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachother（2）thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears（3）someofthedifferencewerecreatedbytheearlyscribes（4）theborrowingsisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary（5）printing、standardization、dictionary—OldEnglish,Thespeechofthetimewasrepresentedverymuchmorefaithfullyinwritingthanitistoday.古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语—ThewrittenformofEnglishisanimperfectrepresentationofthespokenform。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表4.Whatisvocabulary？（1）Totalnumberofthewordsinalanguage一个语言的单词综合（2）Wordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod特殊历史时期使用的单词（3）Allthewordsofadialect，abook，adiscipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词5.ClassificationofEnglishWords：Byusefrequency:basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabularyBynotion:contentwords&functionalwordsByorigin:nativewords&borrowedwords6.Thebasicwordstock（基本词汇）:isthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.ThoughitconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEV,itisthemostimportantpartofvocabulary.基础词是几世纪积累的词汇的基础，构成语言的核心。尽管基础词占英语词汇比例小，它仍然是最重要的组成部分。7.TheFundamentalFeaturesoftheBasicWordStock(基本词汇的基本特征):1)All-Nationalcharacter（全民通用性mostimportant）2)Stability（相对稳定性relative）3)Productivity（多产性aremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）8.nonbasicvocabulary(1)Terminology(术语)(2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectalwords(方言)(6)Archaisms（古语）(7)Neologisms（新词语）:Neologismsmeansnewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.(email)9.—Terminologyconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine、inmathematics、inmusic、ineducation.包括特定学科的技术术语和学术领域—Jargonreferstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves用于特定的词汇，通过特定艺术，科学，商业和专业领域的成员在彼此之间交流—Slangbelongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordslikecant,jargon,andargot俚语粗话属于低等语言，处在标准通用语言，（包括每人用的非正式词汇）和团体内部语言包括cant(任何下等团体的行话)，jargons,argot10.slangiscolourful,blunt,expressiveandimpressive俚语生动，直率，印象深刻而且感人11.Certainwordsarelabeled'slang'notbecausetheirappearanceorpronunciationbutbecauseoftheirusage特定词被标示为“俚语”不是因为他们的写法和发音，而是因为他们的用法12.Contentwords/notionalwords实词Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.Theyincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals内容词表示清楚的概念，因为被认为是概念词。他们包括名词，动词。形容词，副词和数词13.functionalwords/emptywords虚词Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.Therefore,theyarealsocalledemptywords.Astheirchieffunctionistoexpresstherelationbetweennotions,therelationbetweenwordsaswellasbetweensentences,theyareknownasformwords.Prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliariesandarticlesbelongtothiscategory.功能词没有他们自己的概念。因此，他们也称作“空词”。由于他们的主要功能是去表达概念间的关系，词语间和句子间的关系，他们被认为是“结构词”。介词，连词，辅助词和冠词属于这一类14.区别：Contentwords,whichconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabulary,arenumerous,andthenumberisevergrowingwhereasfunctionalwords,whichmakeupaverysmallnumberofthevocabulary,remainstable.However,functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressioninEnglishonaveragethancontentwords内容词，构成了英语词汇的主体，是数量多的。并且那数量还在增长，然而，功能词，只占词汇的很少一部分，保持稳定。然而，功能词比内容词在表达上做了更多的工作15.Nativewords：1.Neutralinstyle风格中性2.Frequentinuse使用频繁（1）WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000盎格鲁撒克逊源头词数量很少，大约在50000到60000之间（2）theyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstock他们构成了基本词汇的主流（3）standatthecoreofthelanguage处在语言的核心16.Wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms从外国带来的词被认为是“借词”“借代词”或者“所借的”17.DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowwellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.同化词是过去早期借词，现在很好的同化进了英语Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling非同化词是保留了原始发音和拼写的借词Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.翻译借词是从英语中的现有材料中取材构成，但是模仿其他语言的构成方式。Semantic-loans.Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.Buttheirmeaningsareborrowed.借义词这类词不是参考形式借来，但是他们的意义是借来的。Chapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary1.TheEnglishlanguageisnotthelanguageoftheearlyinhabitantsoftheBritishIsl