老子-道家思想-英文PPt

NAME?Name：LiEr（李耳）；LiDan（李聃）Courtesyname：BoYang（伯阳）《史记·卷063·老子列传》：“老子者，楚苦县厉乡曲仁里人也。姓李氏，名耳，字聃，周守藏室之史也。”《史记正义》：“老子，楚国苦县厉乡曲仁里人也。姓李，名耳，字伯阳。一名重耳，外字聃。身长八尺八寸，黄色美眉，长耳大目，广额疏齿，方口厚唇，日月角悬，鼻有双柱。周时人，李母怀胎八十一年而生。”TaoismLaoziandTaoismLuXunsaid:ChinarootsdeepinTaoism.IfonewantstocomprehendChinesehistoryandculture,onemustcomprehendTaoismfirst.YinandYangTheYin/Yangsymbolisoneoftheoldestandbest-knownlifesymbolsintheworld,butfewunderstanditsfullmeaning.ItrepresentsoneofthemostfundamentalandprofoundtheoriesofancientTaoistphilosophy.Atitsheartarethetwopolesofexistence,whichareoppositebutcomplementary.Thelight,whiteYangmovingupblendsintothedark,blackYinmovingdown.YinandYangaredependentopposingforcesthatflowinanaturalcycle,alwaysseekingbalance.Thoughtheyareopposing,theyarenotinoppositiontooneanother.AspartoftheTao,theyaremerelytwoaspectsofasinglereality.Eachcontainstheseedoftheother,whichiswhyweseeablackspotofYininthewhiteYangandviceversa.Theydonotmerelyreplaceeachotherbutactuallybecomeeachotherthroughtheconstantflowoftheuniverse.Thesymbolisavisualdepictionoftheintertwineddualityofallthingsinnature,acommonthemeinTaoism.ItisbelievedtobederivedfromtheTaijitu(DiagramoftheUltimatePower).Yinyangarecomplementaryoppositeswithinagreaterwhole.Everythinghasbothyinandyangaspects,althoughyinoryangelementsmaymanifestmorestronglyindifferentobjectsoratdifferenttimes.Yinyangconstantlyinteracts,neverexistinginabsolutestasis.TheconceptofyinandyangisoftensymbolizedbyvariousformsoftheTaijitusymbol,forwhichitisprobablybestknowninwesterncultures.Thenatureofyin–yangInTaoistphilosophy,yinandyangarisetogetherfromaninitialquiescenceoremptiness(wuji,sometimessymbolizedbyanemptycircle),andcontinuemovingintandem(双)untilquiescence（静止）isreachedagain.Yinandyangarealwaysoppositeandequalqualities.Further,wheneveronequalityreachesitspeak,itwillnaturallybegintotransformintotheoppositequality:forexample,grainthatreachesitsfullheightinsummer(fullyyang)willproduceseedsanddiebackinwinter(fullyyin)inanendlesscycle.Itisimpossibletotalkaboutyinoryangwithoutsomereferencetotheopposite,sinceyinandyangareboundtogetheraspartsofamutualwhole(i.e.youcannothavethebackofahandwithoutthefront).Awaytoillustratethisideaistopostulatethenotionofaracewithonlymenoronlywomen;thisracewoulddisappearinasinglegeneration.Yet,menandwomentogethercreatenewgenerationsthatallowtheracetheymutuallycreate(andmutuallycomefrom)tosurvive.Theinteractionofthetwogivesbirthtothings.Yinandyangtransformeachother:likeanundertow（回头浪）intheocean,everyadvanceiscomplementedbyaretreat,andeveryrisetransformsintoafall.Thus,aseedwillsproutfromtheearthandgrowupwardstowardsthesky–anintrinsicallyyangmovement.Then,whenitreachesitsfullpotentialheight,itwillfall.道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。万物负阴而抱阳，冲气以为和。OutofTao,Oneisborn;OutofOne,Two;OutofTwo,Three;OutofThree,thecreateduniverse.Thecreateduniversecarriestheyinatitsbackandtheyanginfront;Throughtheunionofthepervadingprinciplesitreachesharmony.PhilosophicalTaoismspeaksofapermanentTaointhewaythatsomeWesternreligionsspeakofGod.TheTaoisconsideredunnamedandunknowable,theessentialunifyingelementofallthatis.Byshunningeveryearthlydistraction,theTaoistisabletoconcentrateonlifeitself.Eventuallythehopeistobecomeimmortal.Wu-weiWu-weiliterallymeans“non-action,”butitdoesn’tmeandon’tevermove.ItmeanstoalwaysactinaccordancewiththeDao,andnottodothingsthatdon’t“gowiththeflow.”Waterdoesnotflowuphill—doesit?No,italwaysflowsdownhill—italwaysfindsthepathofleastresistance,asdoesagoodDaoistWaterWateristheperfectsubstanceaccordingtoDaoism.Wateralwaysseeksthelowestpointandalwaystakestheshapeofanyvesselintowhichitispoured.Wateralwaysflowsdownhill,anditalwaysflowsaroundanyobstacle.Waterseemstobetheweakestsubstance,butit’sreallythestrongest.Asteadydripofwatercanwearawayarock,astreamcancreateacanyon,aglacier(frozenwater)cancreateaGrandCanyon,andwaterintheformofahurricaneortyphooncanerodetheverycontinentsaway.上善若水。水善利万物而不争Thebestofmenislikewater;WaterbenefitsallthingsAnddoesnotcompetewiththem.天下之至柔，驰骋天下之至坚。ThesoftestsubstanceoftheworldGoesthroughthehardest.天下莫柔弱于水，而攻坚强者莫之能胜，以其无以易之。弱之胜强，柔之胜刚，天下莫不知，莫能行。ThereisnothingweakerthanwaterButnoneissuperiortoitinovercomingthehard,Forwhichthereisnosubstitute.ThatweaknessovercomesstrengthAndgentlenessovercomesrigidity,Noonedoesnotknow;Noonecanputintopractice.大成若缺，其用不弊。大盈若冲，其用不穷。大直若屈，大巧若拙，大辩若讷。躁胜寒，静胜热，清静为天下正。Thehighestperfectionislikeimperfection,Anditsuseisneverimpaired.Thegreatestabundanceseemsmeager,Anditsusewillneverfail.Whatsmoststraightappearsdevious,Thegreatestskillappearsclumsiness;Thegreatesteloquenceseemslikestuttering.Movementovercomescold,(But)keepingstillovercomesheat.Whoiscalmandquietbecomestheguidefortheuniverse.道生之，德畜之。长之育之，亭之毒之，养之覆之，生而不有，为而不恃，长而不宰，是谓玄德。Taogivesthembirth,Teh(character)fostersthem,Makesthemgrow,developsthem,Givesthemaharbor,aplacetodwellinpeace,Feedsthemandshelterthem.Itgivesthembirthanddoesnotownthem,Acts(helps)anddoesnotappropriatethem,Issuperior,anddoesnotcontrolthem.-ThisistheMysticVirtue.刘备，字玄德祸兮，福之所倚，福兮，祸之所伏。孰知其极？其无正。正复为