全英文Buddhism

TheBriefIntroductionTheOriginofBuddhismTheDevelopmentofBuddhistBasicDoctrinesEarlyChineseBuddhismBuddhismintheModernWorldChan/Zen《TenBulls》TheBriefIntroduction•Forcenturies,BuddhismhasbeenthedominantreligionoftheEasternworld.•TodayitremainsthemajorreligioninChina,Japan,Korea,andmuchofsoutheastAsia.TheOriginofBuddhism•BuddhismaroseinthefifthcenturyBCinthenortheastofancientIndiaonthebasisofpantheistic(泛神论)Brahmanism(婆罗门),theancientformofHinduism（印度教）.婆罗门教的冥神TheBrahmans(婆罗门)•TheBrahmanswerepriestswhowereempoweredtoperformritualstothegodsoftheVedas,theancientcollectionsofhymns(圣歌)tothegods.Anotherclassofreligiousspecialistswerethewanderingsascetics(苦行僧),whopracticedmeditationandvariousausterities（禁欲生活）.WhoisBuddha?•AbriefintroductionofBuddha:•Inabroadsense,Buddhaisakindofpersonwhosesense,emotionandabilityhavebeenfulfilledtotheupmostatthesametime.Theycanleadtheordinarypeopletogetridofthesufferingsinmortalworldandtoanewleveloflife.•Inanarrowsense,BuddhaisSakyamuni释迦牟尼)whocreatedBuddhismandwhohasfulfilledhimselftobeaBuddha.SiddharthaGautama(c565BC~c486BC)ThesonofakingofancientIndia•Enlightenment(觉悟)•UndertheBotree(菩提树)•Sakyamuni（释迦摩尼）SiddharthaGautama（c565BC-c486BC）•HisfatherSuddhodana净饭王wastheruleroveradistrictneartheHimalayaswhichistodaythecountryofNepal.SuddhodanashelteredhissonfromtheoutsideworldandconfinedhimtothepalacewherehesurroundedGautamawithpleasuresandwealth.Despitehisfather'sefforts,Gautamaonedaysawthedarkersideoflifeonatriphetookoutsidethepalacewalls.WhatisBuddhism?•Buddhaisahumanbeing,notimmortal.•Buddhismistheonlyreligionthathasnogodsorgoddesses.WhenSakyamuniwasborn,hisfirstwordswere“IaloneamhonoredinHeavenandonEarth”(天上天下唯我独尊).Here,“I”doesn’trefertohimselfbutreferstoalltheindividualsintheworld.Sakyamunibelievesthateveryone’slifeisdeterminedbyhisowndeedsandevenBuddhacan’tdecidewhoshouldgototheHeavenandwhototheHell.WhatisBuddhism?•Buddhaisanequalitysupporter•WeallknowthatBuddhismpreach“infinitelymercifulandcompassionate”(大慈大悲),whichmeansholdingaffectionatelovetoeveryonenomatterwhotheyareandconsideringallthehumanbeingsasaentiretyincludingyourself.Also,Buddhismdisapprovethatnon-humancreaturesarecreatedtogivehumansfood.WhatisBuddhism?•Buddhaisnotunique,everyonehasanopportunitytobeaBuddha.•Buddhaisahumanbeing,andtheonlydifferencebetweenhimandtheordinarypeopleisthetimeofawareness(觉悟时间的先后).“Buddha”isanameforalltheawarepeople,notonlyreferstoSakyamuni.WhatisBuddhism?•Buddhaisnotunique,everyonehasanopportunitytobeaBuddha.•Buddhismdoesn’tbelievetherewasafirst“start”oftheuniverse.Anew“start”istheendoftheformeraffair.Thecausalrelationship(因果关系)iscirculatingandendless.•宇宙的原素是永恒的，生命的因素也是永恒的，前者是物质不灭，后者是精神不灭。WhatisBuddhism?•Buddhismpreachestheviewofgettingintotheworld,notgettingoutoftheworld.•TheBuddhismScripturesaidthat:“佛法在世间，不离世间觉，离世求菩提，恰如觅兔角”.(禅宗六祖慧能大师有偈云)•ThefinalgoalofBuddhais“化人间为庄严净土，变地狱为极乐世界”The“ThreeJewels”（三宝)Buddha–theteacherDharma法–theteachingsSangha–thecommunityTheDevelopmentofBuddhist•Fromthebeginningofthefifthcenturytoaroundtheendofthesixthcentury,northernandsouthernChinacameunderseparaterule.Thesouthremainedundernativedynastieswhilenon-Chineserulerscontrolledthenorth.•TheBuddhistinsouthernChinacontinuedtotranslateBuddhisttextsandtolectureandwritecommentariesonthemajortexts.TheirrulersweredevotedBuddhistswhosawtotheconstructionofnumeroustemples,participatedinBuddhistceremoniesandorganizedpublictalksonBuddhism.•InnorthernChina,exceptfortwoshortperiodsofpersecution,Buddhismflourishedunderthelavishroyalpatronageofrulerswhofavoredthereligion.Bythelatterhalfofthesixthcentury,monkswereemployedingovernmentposts.•WiththeriseoftheTangDynastyatthebeginningoftheseventhcentury,Buddhismreachedouttomoreandmorepeople.ItsoonbecameanimportantpartofChinesecultureandhadgreatinfluenceonChineseArt,Literature,Sculpture,ArchitectureandPhilosophyofthattime.BasicDoctrinesBasicDoctrines•ThreeimportantconceptsinunderstandingBuddhismarekarma(因缘),samsara/transmigration(轮回),andmoksa/liberation(解脱).•Karmareferstothelawofcauseandeffectinaperson‘slife,reapingwhatonehassown.Buddhistsbelievethateverypersonmustgothroughaprocessofbirthandrebirthuntilhereachesthestateofnirvana涅槃inwhichhebreaksthiscycle.ThesecondkeyconcepttounderstandisthelawofSamsaraorTransmigration（轮回）.ThelawofSamsaraholdsthateverythingisinabirthandrebirthcycle.Buddhataughtthatpeopledonothaveindividualsouls.Therearesixlevelsoftransmigration:gods,demigods(修罗),humans,animals,hungryghosts,anddemons(地狱).Thedesirability（愿望）ofliberationfromthecycleofsamara,iscallednirvana（涅槃）inBuddhism.Whatisthefundamentalcauseofallsuffering?Desire!Therefore,extinguishtheself,don’tobsessaboutoneself.WhatdidtheBuddhateach?FourNobleTruths四圣谛•1.Thereissufferingintheworld.Toliveistosuffer.苦TheBuddhafoundthisoutwhenhewasyoungandexperiencedsufferinganddeathinothers.FourNobleTruths•2.Thecauseofsufferingisself-centereddesireandattachments.集•3.Thesolutionistoeliminatedesireandattachments,thusachievingNirvana.灭FourNobleTruths•4.Toreachnirvana,onemustfollowtheEightfoldPath八正道.WhatistheEight-FoldPath?(