jack-london-英文介绍

e•1.Biography•2.MajorWorks•3.WritingStyle•4.ThemeofJackLondon’sWorks•5.CommentsonLondon’slifephilosophyHeistheoneoftherepresentativewriters.Naturalism(1865-1914):inliterature,thetermreferstothetheorythatliterarycompositionshouldaimatadetached,scientificobjectivityinthetreatmentofnaturalman.Themovementisanoutgrowthof19th–centuryscientificthought,followingingeneralthebiologicaldeterminismofDarwin’stheory,ortheeconomicdeterminism.Biography•HewasbornJohnGriffithChaneyinSanFranciscoonJanuary12,1876,theillegitimatesonofaself-taughtmanandaneccentricwoman.HetookthelastnameofhisstepfatherandwascalledJohnGriffithLondon.Hegrewupinextremepovertyasastreeturchinalongthewater-frontwherehebeganatanearlyagetoindulgehisboundlessappetiteforadventure.Beforehewastenyearsold,hehadtoworkbeforeandafterschoolandevenonweekendsinordertosupportthefamily.•Attheageof13,hetookajobinacannery,andattheageof15hewasthecaptainofanoysterpirateboat.Hesupportedhimselfwithmenialanddangerousjobs,experiencingthestruggleforsurvival.Helivedonthefringesofsocietyuntilhewasseventeen.In1893hebecameasailor.Forthenextfouryearsheworkedhiswayaroundtheworld.Helearnedthejunglelawofnature,thesurvivalofthestrongandthedeathoftheweak.HewanderedhiswayacrosstheUnitedState,evenbegginghisfoodfromdoortodoor.•Determinedtogetaneducation,hewenttohighschoolattheageofnineteen,enteredpreparatoryschool,andthenspendasemesterasaspecialstudentattheUniversityofCaliforniain1896.•Hehadtodropoutafterafewmonthstomakemoneyforthefamily.Buthereadextensivelybyhimself.•Londonbelievedbothinthesuccessoftheworkingclassandinthesurvivalofthestrongest.HealsolearnedpracticalknowledgeinbetweenjourneysasatrampandparticipationintheKlondikegoldrushin1897.Hefailedtofindgold,buttheexperiencebecamearichsourceforhisliterarycreationlater.•Londonbelievedbothinthesuccessoftheworkingclassandinthesurvivalofthestrongest.HealsolearnedpracticalknowledgeinbetweenjourneysasatrampandparticipationintheKlondikegoldrushin1897.Hefailedtofindgold,buttheexperiencebecamearichsourceforhisliterarycreationlater.•In1903hewrote“TheCalloftheWild”,anall-timebestseller.•Thisbookmadehimimmediatelypopular,andhisnamewassoonknownalloverthecounty.•ForthenexttwelveyearshewrotereportsinAsiaatthetimeoftheRussian-JapaneseWar,andservedinthesamecapacityintheMexicanCivilWarin1914.Helikedtheexcitementofit.WherevertherewasactionLondonwaspresent.•Foraperiodofmanyyears,especiallybetween1905-1907,LondonwasastrongsupporterofthesocialistmovementintheUnitedStates.Manyofhiswritingsreflecthisinterestinsocialistideas.•Withthesuccessofhisfictionhewasalsoindemandonthelecturecircuit.•Themarkeddeclineofhiswritingafter1913coincideswithhisdriftingawayfromthesocialistmovement.Hebecameamillionaire.Hespentmoneyonthebuildingofhisshipforthevoyagearoundtheworldandonhissplendid“WolfHouse,”butbothventuresfailed.•Hediedofaguestrointestinaltypeofuraemia（尿毒症）onNovember22.1916.JackandCharmianLondon'sGraveSiteNewsboy报童(at10)↓Oysterpirate(16)↓Ahardlaborer(muscleseller)↓Atramp流浪者,beggar(at18)•Aknowledgepursuer↓•Asuccessfulwriter↓•Arancher(大农场主)HisMajorWorks•ThePeopleoftheAbyss(1903)深渊中的人们•TheCalloftheWild(1903)野性的呼唤•TheSeaWolf(1904)海狼•WhiteFang(1906)白牙•TheIronHeel(1908)铁蹄•MartinEden(1909)马丁.伊登•TheValleyoftheMoon(1912)月谷•TheStarRover(1915)星游人•TheLittleLadyoftheBigHouse(1916)大屋里的小妇人WritingStyle•SocialDarwinism(社会达尔文主义),Neitzcheansuperman,socialistdoctrinesofMarx•NaturalismmingledwithRomanticismForceful,andcolorful;•Subjectivityandenthusiasm•Hischaracterizationswereoftenstiffandhisdialoguestereotyped.ThemeofJackLondon’sWorks•primitiveviolence,Anglo-Saxonsupremacy,biologicalevolution,classwarfare,andmechanisticdeterminism.•Hopeforhumancivilization.•FatherofAmericanproletariat（工人阶级）literature•Realist,spokesmanofsocialism•Greatthinker•thestruggletosurvivewithdignityandintegrity•combative•loveofknowledge•loveforthewholehumankind•Rebellious,individualism,superman,strongwill,freedom•Hopeforhumancivilization.CommentsonLondon’slifephilosophy•FatherofAmericanproletariateliterature•Realist,spokesmanofsocialism•Greatthinker•HiswritingsinspiredlaterwriterslikeJohnSteinbeckandJackKerouac,ErnestHemingway,andRobertRuark,SinclairJack’snotablesayings★Youthisalwaysyoungandelderlywillonlygrowold.青年总是年青的，只有老年才会变老。★Theonlywaytogetsmartistobuywiththeyouth.得到智慧的惟一办法，就是用青春去买。★Iwouldratherbeashesthandust!我宁愿化作灰烬，也不要做尘埃。★Iwouldratherbeasuperbmeteor,everyatomofmeinmagnificentglow,thanasleepyandpermanentplanet.我愿做一颗华丽的流星，愿我的每一颗粒都呈现那动人的光辉，而不做那沉睡并永远不灭的行星。★Theproperfunctionofmanistolive,nottoexist.Ishallnotwastemydaysintryingtoprolongthem.Ishallusemytime.人的恰当功能是活，而不是生。我不会用延长日子，把时光浪费，我要利用时间。Thankyou!