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1.(1)Modernism(现代主义)Amovementofexperimentinnewtechniquesinwriting.Modernistfictionrepresentedatrenddriftingawayfromthetraditionofthe19thcenturyrealism.Itputemphasisonthedescriptionogoometimesitiscalledmodernpsychologicalfiction.LawrenceisatypicalrepresentativeofitRealism（现实主义）Realismwasalooselyusedtermmeaningtruthtotheobservedfactsoflife（especiallywhentheyaregloomy）。Realisminliteratureisanapproachthatattemptstodescribelifewithoutidealizationorromanticsubjectivity.Realism现实主义:Anelasticandambiguoustermwithtwomeanings.(1)First,itrefersgenerallytoanyartisticorliteraryportrayaloflifeinafaithful,accuratemanner,uncloudedbyfalseideals,literaryconventions,ormisplacedaestheticglorificationandbeautificationoftheworld.Itisatheoryortendencyinwritingtodepicteventsinhumanlifeinamatter-of-fact,straightforwardmanner.Itisanattempttoreflectlifeasitactuallyis--aconceptinsomewayssimilartowhattheGreekswouldcallmimesis.(2)Secondlyandmorespecifically,realismreferstoaliterarymovementthatdevelopedoutofnaturalisminthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies.Althoughrealismandtheconcernforaspectsofverisimilitudehavebeencomponentsofliteraryarttoonedegreeoranotherinnearlyallcenturies,thetermrealismalsoappliesmorespecificallytothetendencytocreatedetailed,probinganalysesofthewaythingsreallyare,usuallyinvolvinganemphasisonnearlyphotographicdetails.ThesewritersincludesuchdiverseartistsasMarkTwain,Tolstoy,&ThomasHardy.Modernism（现代主义）:Aroundthetwoworldwars,manywritersandartistsbegantosuspectandbediscontentwiththecapitalism.Theytriedtofindnewwaystoexpresstheirunderstandingoftheworld.Itwasamovementofexperimentsintechniquesinwriting.Itflourishedinthe20sand30sinEnglishliterature.Theyturnedtheirinteresttodescribingwhatwashappeninginthemindsoftheircharacters.Becauseoftheiremphasisonthepsychologicalactivitiesofthecharacters,theirwritingsarealsocalledpsychologicalnovels.TheRepresentativesareW.B.YeatsandT.S.Eliot,D.H.Lawrence,E.M.Foster,JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolfModernism:1)TheriseOfmodernismmovementModernismroseoutofskepticismanddisillusionmentofcapitalism,whichmadewritersandartistssearchforanewwaystoexpresstheirunderstandingoftheworldandthehumannature.TheFrenchsymbolismwastheforerunnerofmodernism.TheFirstWorldWarquickenedtherisingofallkindsofliterarytrendsofmodernism,which,towardthe1920s,convergedintoamightytorrentofmodernistmovement.ThemajorfiguresassociatedwiththemovementwereKafka,Picasso,Pound,Eliot,Joyce,andVirginiaWoolf.Modernismwassomewhatcurbedinthe1930s.butafterWorldWarII,Varietiesofmodernism,orpost-modernism,roseagainwiththespurofSarter’sexistentialism.However,theygraduallydisappearedordivergedintootherkindsofliterarytrendsinthe1960s.2)Thecharacteristicsofmodernism●Modernismmarksastrongandconsciousbreakwiththepast,byrejectingthemoral,religiousandculturalvaluesofthepast.●Modernismemphasizesontheneedtomoveawayfromthepublictotheprivate,fromtheobjectivetothesubjective.●Modernismupholdsanewviewoftimebyemphasizingthepsychictimeoverthechronologicalone.Itmaintainsthatthepast,thepresentandthefutureareoneandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofindividualasacontinuousflowratherthanaseriesofseparatemoments.●Modernismis,inmanyrespects,areactionagainstrealism.Itrejectsrationalism,whichisthetheoreticalbaseofrealism;itexcludesfromitsmajorconcerntheexternal,objective,materialworld,whichistheonlycreativesourceofrealism;itcastsawayalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliteraturelikestory,plot,character,chronologicalnarration,etc.,whichareessentialtorealism.Asaresult,theworkscreatedbythemodernistwriterscanoftenbelabeledasanti-novel,anti-poetryoranti-drama[22]Realism:（写实主义）Atermusedinliteratureandarttopresentlifeasitreallyiswithoutsentimentalizingoridealizingit.Realisticwritingoftendepictstheeverydaylifeandspeechofordinarypeople.Thishasled,sometimestoanemphasisonsordiddetails.CriticalRealism(批判现实主义)Criticalrealismisoneoftheliterarygenresthatflourishedmainlyinthe19thcentury.Itrevealsthecorruptinginfluenceoftheruleofcashuponhumannature.Hereliestheessentiallydemocraticandhumanisticcharacterofcriticalrealism.TheEnglishcriticalrealistsofthe19thcenturynotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltherulingclasses,butalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.Intheirbestworks,theyusedhumorandsatiretocontrastthegreedandhypocrisyoftheupperclasseswiththehonestyandgood-heartednessoftheobscure“simplepeople”ofthelowerclasses.Humorousscenessetofftheactionsofthepositivecharacters,andthehumorisoftentingedwithalyricismwhichservestostressthefinequalitiesofsuchcharacters.Atthesametime,bittersatireandgrotesqueisusedtoexposetheseamysideofthebourgeoissociety.Thecriticalrealists,however,didnotfindawaytoeradicatethesocialevilstheyknewsowell.Theydidnotrealizethenecessityofchanging4thebourgeoissocietythroughconscioushumaneffort.Theirworksdonotpointtowardrevolutionbutratherevolutionorreformism.Theyoftenstartwithapowerfulexposureoftheuglinessofthebourgeoisworldintheirworks,buttheirnovelsusuallyhavehappyendingsoranimpotentcompromiseattheend.Herearethestrengthandweaknessofcriticalrealism.批判现实主义是