语音基本知识:音节-重音--节奏

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语音基本知识-音节、重音、节奏音节音节是语音最小的单位,指一个字的读音,通常一个单词有几个元音发音,就有几个音节。由元音因素单独构成original中的o由元音因素加辅音字母构成habit中的ha和bit辅音因素中的响音/m//n//ǀ/[η]也能和它前面的辅音构成一个音节able['eibl]中的[bl]2/541.单词末尾不发音的e不构成音节,如bike,take;2.两个元音字母在一起,一般为字母组合,发一个元音,构成一个音节。如book,rain;3.词尾的le可以和其前边的辅音组成一个音节,如people,double,little,uncle,idol,single,chemical等。Note种类构成e.g.单音节词包含一个音节fame/feim/make/meik/双音节词包含两个音节famous/`feiməs/forget/fə`get/多音节词包含多个音节famously/`feiməsli/Completely[kəm`plitli]4/54单音节、双音节及多音节词种类构成e.g.开音节辅音+元音+辅音+ename,bike,home,due,plane,shine辅音+元音he,go,hi,do,be,tree,three,hello闭音节辅音+元音+辅音bad,bed,sit,hot,cup,let,mad,map元音+辅音it,is,of,in,on,up,out,ant5/54开音节和闭音节单词中发音特别响亮的音节。任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中,有重读音节和非重读音节,哪一个音节重读,该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号“′”。如:hospital[′hɔspitl];多音节词中有时还可以有一个次重读音节,这种状况通常出现在特别长的单词中,如:comprehension[ˌkɒmprə'hen∫n]重音字母读音e.g.a[ei]facesavelatefatepalee[i:]shethesei[ai]bikeninebyo[əu]gonoagojokehomesmokeu[(j)u:]musicduringtrue备注:在重读开音节中元音字母的读音为字母本身读音。7/54元音字母在重读开音节的读音规则字母读音e.g.a[æ]manfatsathande[e]setbeddeskwhentelli[i]citydidpityo[ɔ]ondogbossstopshopoftenu[Λ][u]huntsubjectbusfullbull备注:在重读闭音节中元音字母的读音为字母短元音的读音。8/54元音字母在重读闭音节的读音规则字母读音e.g.a,e,o,u[ə]about,silent,atom,supply,radar,supper,doctorar,er,or,urei/y[i]acid,thirty,Sunday,valleyay/eya,e[i]comrade,beforeo[əu]hero,Negroa[ei]operatei/y[ai]satisfy,organize元音字母在非重读音节的读音规则1.两元音字母之间如有两个辅音字母,则中间分开,一边一个。如:mat-ter,mem-ber,win-dow,doc-tor,sup-per,lit-tle等。这样一分,第一个音节是以辅音字母结尾的,它就是重读闭音节,元音字母读短元音。Note2.两元音字母中间有一辅音字母,该辅音字母划归后一音节。如:basic,region,open,human等。这样一分,头一个音节是以元音字母结尾的,它是重读开音节,元音字母读其字母音。Note3.重读开音节中的元音字母有不少仍读短元音。如:second,present,ever,hover,modern,proper等。第二音节中有/i/时,第一音节中的a,e,i,o大多读短元音。如:spa-nish,ha-bit,mes-sage,ci-ty,pro-fit等。Note单音节词重音单音节词单独念时一律要重读,但在单独注音时不必加重音符号。cup[kΛp]wife[waif]14a)一般在第一个音节重读;'letter'sorry'England'movement'exercise双音节词重音15b)a-,be-,de-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,es-,ex-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,per-,pro-,trans-等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音;a'boutbe'lievead'dressde'cidecom'parein'formdis'cussim'pressmis'take双音节词重音16c)有de-,in-,im-,re-,con-,pre-,pro-,o-等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关,一般名词的重音在第一个音节上,其它的词性在第二个音节上:'record--re'cord'insult--in'sult'conduct--con'duct'present--pre'sent'desert--de'sert'import--im'port'produce--pro'duce'object--ob'ject双音节词重音17d)有些复合词和带有前缀re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,-teen等的词,有两个重音:'out'side're'tell'well-'known'un'real'four'teen'Chi'nese'pre-'war'post-'war'ex'change双音节词重音18a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音:'difficult'communist'familye'conomy'exercise'interestingoppor'tunityde'mocracypossi'bility多音节词重音19b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音:'carefullyin'definite'comfortablecon'ductorac'cordingdis'turbance'complicatedes'tablishment多音节词重音20c)词尾有-eous,-grahpy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ience,ient,-ify,-ion,-ious,-ity,-ive后缀的词,重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上:'courteouscal'ligraphyedi'torialhis'torianmathe'maticsex'periencesuf'ficienti'dentifytrans'lationre'ligiouscuri'ositypro'tectivemathema'tician多音节词重音21d)词尾有-ain,-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音:,enter'tain,employ'ee,mountai'neer,Japa'nese,ciga'rette多音节词重音22复合词的重音a)复合名词的重音一般在第一个音节上;'blackboard'anybody'handbag'bookstore'hotdog'classroom'pickpocket'lifestyle'website'sleepingcarcom'putergames'middleschool'sittingroom23b)复合动词的重音一般在第二个音节;ill'treatover'doc)有些复合词有双重音;'kind'hearted'three-'legged'after'noond)少数qita复合词的重音在第二个音节上。what'everyour'selfthrough'out复合词的重音245darkroom暗房5dark5room黑暗的房间5greenhouse温室5green5house绿色的房屋5bluebottle矢车菊5blue5bottle兰色的瓶子5blackboard黑板5black5board黑色的木板5Englishbook英语教材5English5book英文书(printedinEnglish)有些复合词的重音位置对词义的变化有影响英语节奏是指重读音节和非重读音节交替出现的现象。英语的节奏规律是以重音定时的,即重读音节彼此距离相等。节奏英语的节奏主要是靠重音来控制的;长短分明;轻重分明;英语节奏的特征写:Birdseatworms.Birdshaveeatenworms.Birdsshouldhaveeatenworms.读:Birdseatworms.Birdshaveeatenworms.Birdsshouldhaveeatenworms.1.句中重读音节出现频率高时,通常语速会慢一些,音节听起来自然也清楚些;2.重读音节之间拥挤着出现的非重读音节听起来轻快而含糊。Note3.在不受其他因素的影响下,话语中重音之间的间隔时间大致相等。也就是说,根据英语的节奏规律,话语说起来所需的时间不决定于它有多少个单词,多少个音节,而是取决于它有多少个重音。E.g.:breadandmilk(OoO)somebreadandsomemilk(oOooO)两者的重读音节数相同,故朗读两者的时间大致相等。Note节奏的类型及训练AANotme!Sowhat?Whynot?Goodluck!AaATryagain.Whatismore.Writeitdown.Putitthere.aAaIhopeso.Ofcoursenot.Excuseme.Withpleasure.aAaaAfriendofmineIt’spossible.I’musedtoit.Hethinkshedid.aAaaAIwantyoutoknow.She’sgonetothefilm.Imadeamistake.Hetoldmehewould.在实际语言中,节奏的样式复杂的多,但无非是有些非重读音节多一些,有些则少一些,这就要求我们在说话时调整好。AaAaAAaaASchoolbeginsatthistimeoftheyear.aAaaaaaAaaAaItseemsthatnooneisagainstthesuggestion.aaaaAaaAaaAaHaveyoueverthoughtofbecomingateacher?aAaAaAIcan’taffordacar.I’dlikeapieceofbread.It’sallthesametome.Theyplayedthegameatnight.aAaaaAIwantedyoutoknow.Igotthereafterdark.Hedidn’ttellmethat!Weallwishedhimsuccess.aAaaAaaIneverexpectedso.Hewantedtogowithyou.Theystartedtolaughathim.Thetheaterisfarfromhere.aAaaaAaaaWillJackgotheretogetherwithhim?Forgetwhatyouhaveheardfromthatguy.Thisisn’tquitethemomentforit.HecalledwhenIwaswritingsomething.aAaaAaaAHewantedtogoforawalk.Itseemsthatyoudon’twanttogo.Heusuallygoestherebybus.Isthatwhatyouaskedhimtodo?AaaaaaAWhenwillyoucomehereagain?Tellthemwe’llhaveanexam.Wheredoyouwantthemtostart?Whomareyougoingt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