新东方雅思全真模拟试题-阅读

CandidateNumberCandidateNameINTERNATIONALENGLISHLANGUAGETESTINGSYSTEMACADEMICREADINGTIME1hourINSTRUCTIONSTOCANDIDATESDonotopenthisbookletuntilyouaretoldtodoso.Writeyournameandcandidatenumberinthespacesatthetopofthispage.Startatthebeginningofthetestandworkthroughit.Youshouldanswerallquestions.Ifyoucannotdoaparticularquestion,leaveitandgoontothenext.Youcanreturntoitlater.Allanswersmustbewrittenontheanswersheet.Donotremovethisbookletfromtheexaminationroom.INFORMATIONFORCANDIDATESThereare40questionsonthisquestionpaper.Thetestisdividedasfollows:ReadingPassage1Questions1-13ReadingPassage2Questions14-26ReadingPassage3Questions27-401READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1–13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1onthefollowingpages.Questions1–8ReadingPassage1haseightparagraphs,A–H.Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i–xi,inboxes1–8onyouranswersheet.ListofheadingsiPreventionisbetterthancureiiAneasysolutioniiiAnunforeseenoutcomeivTheGreektreatmentvAgooddisinfectantviAmessageinthemediaviiEffectsofiodinedeficiencyviiiHowmuchisenough?ixSuccessfultrialsxTheroleofiodinexiAnaccidentaldiscoveryxiiDisappearingiodine27ParagraphA28ParagraphB29ParagraphC30ParagraphD31ParagraphE32ParagraphF33ParagraphG34ParagraphH2IODINEAnimportantmicro-nutrientAIodineisanaturallyoccurringchemicalelementfoundabundantlyinseawaterandinsomemineralsandsoils.Althoughtoxicinlargeamounts,itisavitaltraceelementessentialtothebody’sphysicalandmentaldevelopmentandgoodhealthingeneral.Asthebodydoesnotmakeiodine,itisimportantthatitisincludedaspartofadailydiet.Itisneededprimarilyfortheproductionofthyroidhormonesthatcontrolmetabolism.Manypeoplearefamiliarwithiodineintheformofanantisepticsolution(fortopicalapplicationonly)usedinthefieldofhealth,especiallytodisinfectsurgicalpatients.BProblemsarisingfrominsufficientiodinecanaffectanyonebutaremorecommonincertainareaswheresoilsarelackinginiodine,forexample,muchofinlandUSAandmostofCanada.Ashortageofiodineinthedietcanresultinmildtoseverementalimpairment–currentlyitisthesinglegreatestpreventablecauseofmentalretardationintheworld;goiter(enlargementofthethyroidglandintheneck);increasedriskofseriousdiseases;reducedheartfunction;fatigueandweightgain.CItisunderstoodthatiodinewasfirstdetectedin1811byBernardCourtoiswhonotedtheappearanceofavioletvaporwhenhewasburningseaweedashtryingtoextractotherchemicals.ThevaporcrystallizedonacoldsurfaceandhesentsomeofthesecrystalstoGay-Lussacwhowasthefirsttocategorisethenewelementandlabelitiodine(fromtheGreekwordmeaningviolet).JeanFrancoisCoindet,adoctorinGeneva,wasthefirsttotreatcasesofgoiterwithiodinein1820.TheancientGreeks,includingGalen(AD130-200),hadbeenknowntousemarinespongestotreatgoiterbuttheyhadnotextractedtheiodine.EventheancientChineseknewthatadoseofseaweedorburntseaspongecuredgoiter(althoughthey,too,didnotknowwhy).DIntheearlypartofthe20thcenturytherewasanepidemicofgoiterintheGreatLakesareaoftheUSA.TheconnectionbetweenthisdiseaseanddeficiencyofiodinewasfirstconfirmedbyexperimentsconductedbyDrDavidMarineinAkron,Ohio,wherearound56%ofschool-agedgirlshadgoiter.Heachievedstunningresults;thus,theimportanceofiodineinpublichealthwasimmediatelyrecognized.3ETheissuewasconsideredtobetoovitaltobelefttomembersofthepublicorindividualdoctors.AtthistimemuchoftheAmericanpopulationlivedinremoteruralareasandwasilliterate;norwastheretelevision,radioorinternettogetthemessageacross.Inordertoensureanadequateintakeofiodinenationwide,itwasdecidedtoaddiodinetotablesalt.Followingtheintroductionofthisprogramme,iodinedeficiencyandgoitersbecameathingofthepastasAmericansenjoyedsprinklingsaltliberallyovertheirfood.FManyyearslater,itwasdiscoveredthatconsumptionofheavilysaltedfoodsledtoanincreasedincidenceofcertaindiseasesand,insusceptibleindividuals,aspikeinbloodpressure.Inresponsetorecognitionofthedangersofhypertension,thehealthmessagetotheAmericanpublicwasreversedandnowurgedareductionintheuseofsalt.WithheavyweightsliketheAmericanHeartAssociationdiscouragingtheuseofsalt,health-consciousindividualshaveassiduouslyavoidedit.Unfortunately,thishasledtograve,althoughquiteunintended,consequences:aresurgenceofiodine-deficientillnesses.GItisdifficulttoimaginehowthiscameabout:noteveryonehasforsakenthesaltshakeranditisdifficulttoeliminatesaltfromone’sdietaltogether.Thereare,however,severalreasonswhyiodineneedsarenotbeingmet.Arecentanalysisofseveralbrandsofcommerciallyavailablesaltshowedthat,afteropeningandexposuretotheair,theiodinecontentwasrapidlylost–goneinfourweeks,fasterinhumidconditions.Therefore,unlesstheproductisreplacedeveryfewweeks,thesaltmaybetotallydevoidofiodine.Regrettablyalso,themajorityofsaltusedinprocessedfoodsisnolongeriodisedsotheseproductshavelittleornoiodinecontent.4HTwentiethcenturyover-useandover-relianceoniodisedsaltledtocomplacency.Itistimenowtolookforalternativesourcesofiodineandsupplementationifnecessary.Theidealdoseforiodinehasalwaysbeencontroversial.TheJapaneseingestmuchgreaterquantitiesthantherestoftheworldbecauseoftheircustomaryconsu