Part A Essential elements of the legal system(10分) 1. Law and the legal system(5分) 2. Sources of law(5分) Part B The law of obligations (30分) 3. Formation of a contract(7分) 5. Breach of contract and remedies (7分) 4. Content of a contract (7分) 6. The law of torts and professional negligence Part C Employment law(10分) 7. Contract of employment(4分) 8. Dismissal and redundancy(6分) Part D The formation and constitution of business organizations (10‐20分) 9. Agency law 11. Corporations and legal personality 10. Partnerships 12. The formation and constitution of a company Part E Capital and financing of companies (10分) 13. Share capital 15. Capital maintenance and dividend law 14. Loan capital Part F Management, administration and regulation of companies(10‐20分) 16. Company directors(10分) 18. Company meetings and resolutions(5分)17. Other company officers Part G Legal implications relating to companies in difficulty or in crisis(5分) 19. Insolvency and administration Part H Corporate fraudulent and Criminal behaviour(5分) 20. Fraudulent and criminal behaviour 第1章 法律和司法系统 Common law and equity Primary source 所有普通法的救济结果Remedies 衡平法目的是为了公平,譬如颁布禁令,取消合同(恢复到原来的状态) Statute law Secondary source 议会Parliament对成文法负责 Private law and public law Law组成部分,not source 私法:涉及business, and private individuals, groups and organizations. 公法:涉及government, and public organizations (诸如councils枢密院和local authorities地方政权) 1.Type of law: Criminal law and civil law 刑法和民法 Feature 民法 刑法 类别 私法一部分 公法一部分 Aims目的 provide compensatory remedies补偿性质,并非惩罚 针对国家不允许/赞成的行为,punish offenders惩罚犯罪分子 起诉形式 Brown v Brown R v Brown 区分(举例) 轻微伤 重伤 (案例:施虐狂派对) who take up the case谁提起诉讼 个人提起‐私法 Claimant原告 国家提起‐公法 Prosecution检察官 Burden of proof 举证责任 Claimant原告 Prosecution检察官 Standard of proof 证据的标准 Balance of probabilities 平衡可能性,谁的证据更占优 Beyond reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑,疑罪从无 Decision判决结果 Judge法官:Liable/Not liable有责任/无责任 Jury陪审团:Guilty/Not guilty有罪/无罪 Remedies法律救济 Damages(损害赔偿金) Prison/Fines (收监/罚金) Distinct courts of instance court初审法院 Magistrates治安官法院、County court郡法院 Magistrates治安官法院、Crown court皇冠法院 不可以成为陪审团成员:护士,医生,法律工作者,12周岁之前没有在英国工作过,曾经犯过罪的 民法: 一审法院: 治安官法院、郡法院、高院 Leapfrog: 跳跃式上诉 刑法: 一审法院: 治安官法院、皇冠法院院 Case stated: 判例法 2.民事诉讼路径: Small claims track £10,000 Parts not attended Fast track £10,000‐25,000 Standard directors审判标准程序 A maximum of 1 day一般开庭一天解决 案件排期:一审在案件受理30 weeks内开庭 Multi track £25,000 No standard procedure无标准程序 一系列案件管理工具根据案件需求”mix and match” 民事诉讼操作: Magistrates 治安官法院 a)Family proceeding家庭纠纷 b)Recovery in relation to council tax and domestic bills房产税、家庭票据 County court 郡法院 a)Cases of small claims and fast track basis 小的索赔、快速审理 b)Contract and tort, equitable matters and land and probate disputes among others.跟公平相关的土地纠纷,遗嘱纠纷,合同和侵权 c)需要去高院审理:fatal accidents and professional negligence致命事故,专业疏忽 High court 高院 multi‐track cases hear cases anywhere in England and Wales a)The Queens Bench Division王座庭:contract and tort(25000), judges are specialists in commercial law法官是商法方面的专家。英国需要14年经验。 b)The Chancery Division大法官庭:Trusts and mortgages, Revenue matters ,Bankruptcy (outside London ‐ County Court subject) ,Disputed wills and administration of estates of deceased persons, Partnership and company matters信托和抵押、收入、破产(London外去郡法院)、遗嘱纠纷、死者遗产管理、合伙和公司事宜 c)The Family Division家事庭:Matrimonial, Family property, Proceedings relating to children(wardship, guardianship, adoption, legitimacy) , Appeals from Magistrates’ Courts on family matters ,Appeals from County Courts on family matters婚姻、家庭财产、有关孩子的诉讼(监护、监管、收养、合法性),治安官法院关于家庭事宜的上诉、郡法院关于家庭事宜的上诉 Court of appeal 上诉法院 a)高院3个庭的上诉案件 b)郡法院上诉 c)Employment Appeal Tribunal上诉仲裁庭 上诉的程序:rehearing重新审理 使用材料:transcript of the case案件副本和judge’s notes法官记录 注意:不重新开庭,Witnesses not re‐examined & new evidence not permitted,只是案卷重审 Supreme Court 昀高法院 a)上诉法院的上诉 b)非常偶然:高院的上诉 c)使用材料:transcript of the case案件副本和judge’s notes法官记录 注意:不重新开庭,Witnesses not re‐examined & new evidence not permitted,只是案卷重审 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 欧洲法院 a)Interpreting European Treaty law解释欧洲贸易法 b)接受欧盟国家和机构间的案件 c)欧盟个人利益受影响,ECJ也受理 d)In the Factortamecase(欧洲移民法和商船法): 欧洲法EU law欧盟成员国国内法律。 所以,昀高法院的有效性受到EU law判决的约束。 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 欧洲人权法院 a)欧盟内任何个人human rights人权受损,都可sign up起诉 b)自从Human Rights Act 1998,UK法律涵盖了欧洲人权会议内容,致使UK法院强制实施该人权法 The Privy Council 枢密院 a)UK枢密院是相关英联邦国家上诉案件的昀终上诉法院 b)它的判决对UK's jurisdiction管辖的判例起persuasive influence有说服力的影响 3.刑事诉讼路径: Summary offences 轻微罪行 Imprisonment刑期6个月 Fines£5,000 Indictable offences 可提起公诉的罪行 Imprisonment刑期6个月 Fines£5,000 Either‐way offences 上述两种皆可能 Theft, drug and violence 偷盗、吸毒、对他人实施暴力 Magistrates治安官法院、Crown court皇冠法院都可以审理 刑事诉讼操作: Magistrates 治安官法院 a)Summary offences without a jury轻微罪行(没有陪审团) b)Commit defendants charged with an indictable offence to the Crown Court. 处理过程中发现刑期超过6个月,提交去皇冠法院 Crown court 皇冠法院 a)Indictable offence可提起公诉的罪行 b)confirm, reverse, or vary any part of the judgment of the Magistrates Court维持、反转、改变治安官法院判决。 High court 高院 High Court The Divisional Court of the Queen’s Bench Division王座庭: 只受理Magist