Unit1Tohaveamindtodoathingistoforeseeafuturepossibility;itistohaveaplanforitsaccomplishment;itistonotethemeanswhichmaketheplancapableofexecutionandtheobstructionsintheway--or,ifitisreallyamindtodothethingandnotavagueaspirationitistohaveaplanwhichtakesaccountofresourcesanddifficulties.——JohnDewey用心去做一件事,就是要预见未来的可能性,要为成功制定一个计划,要找到实施计划、避开障碍的方法——或者是一颗真正做事的心,而不是一个模糊的愿望,是考虑了所有资源和困难的计划。——约翰·杜威TheGoodMindIsFlexible优秀的头脑是灵活的EdgarDale埃德加•戴尔1Formanyyearswehavetalkedabouteducationinachangingsocietybuthavedonelittletoeducateforuncertainty.Perhapsthebestinsurancewecanofferforthisuncertaintyisthepresenceofagoodmind.Todevelopagoodmindthestudentmustlearnhowtolearnanddevelopatasteforlearning.Theworldoftomorrowneedsflexibleindividuals,intelligentlymobileindividuals,individualswhocanlandontheirfeetwhentheirjobsbecometechnologicallyobsolete,individualswhocancopewiththeunexpected.1多年来,我们一直在讨论日新月异的社会中的教育问题,却没有采取切实行动来教育人们如何应对变化。或许面对变化,我们的最佳保障是拥有优秀的头脑。要培养优秀的头脑,学生需要掌握学习方法,培养学习兴趣。未来的世界所需要的人才应该具备很强的适应能力,而且他们灵活而机敏,当其所从事的工作技术上落伍时,他们依然能够于逆境之中站稳脚跟,而且他们有能力应对突发的意外。2Toeducateforflexibilitywemustdistinguishbetweentrainingandeducation.Totrainistoemphasizefixedresponses,tostressimmediategoalstotheneglectoflong-termgrowth.Toeducate,however,istofosterlimitlessgrowth,lifelonglearning,todevelopthegoodmind.2要培养灵活的头脑,我们需要区别什么是训练,什么是教育。训练就是加强固定的反应,重视即时目标,而忽略长远发展。教育则旨在促进无限的成长,鼓励终生的学习,培养优秀的头脑。3MarkTwain'sstoryaboutthecatisinorderhere.Hesaidthatacatthatjumpsontoahotstovewillneverjumponahotstoveagain.Nor,headded,willsheeverjumponacoldone.Thecatcanbetrainedbut,contrarytowhatcat-loversmaysay,cannotbeeducated.3这里刚好可以用上马克•吐温讲的猫的故事。他说跳到热火炉上的猫再也不会往热火炉上跳。他还补充说,这猫甚至再也不会往冷的炉子上跳。猫可以接受训练,不过,与爱猫人士的说法相反,猫是无法被教育的。4Thepersoneducatedforflexibilitywillseetheworldinafresh,inventiveway.Suchapersonisnotchainedtotheimmediate,thecustomary,thehabitual,notdependentonsomeoneelsetoplantherouteandshowhowtogetthere.Suchpersonswillcharttheirowncourse.4懂得应对变化的人看待世界的视角新颖、富有独创性。这样的人不会受到眼前利益、传统惯例、固定习惯等的束缚,他无需依赖外人为他设定路线,指明途径。这样的人懂得绘制自己的行程。5Todeveloptheflexiblepersonwiththegoodmindwemustfavorthoselearningexperiencesthathavehightransfervaluetovariedlifesituations.Wemustlearnhowtoteachskills,attitudes,andconceptssothattheynotonlymeetcurrentneedsbutcanbegeneralizedtofutureneedsaswell.5为了培养具备优秀头脑和良好适应力的人,我们应该提倡那些能够适用于不同人生境遇、具有高“转移价值”的学习经验。我们必须学习如何传授技巧、态度和理念,使它们不仅可以满足目前的需要,还具有普适性,能够满足未来的需要。6、Educationforflexibilitywillcertainlyincludeguidanceinthefinearts.IfweacceptDewq'sdefinitionofartastheintensificationoftheordinary,thentheteacher'staskistohelplearnersturnthecommonplaceintothecreative.MelStrawnofAntiochCollegedescribedthisapproachtolearningasaheighteningoftheindividual'sperceptualawareness,anintensificationofhissenseofform.Heseesmoreandcomprehendsmoreofwhathesees.6适应性教育无疑应该包含艺术教育。如果我们接受杜威的定义,认为艺术是“对平常事物的强化”,那么老师的职责应该是帮助学习者化平常为新颖。安条克学院的梅尔•斯特朗将这种学习的方法描述为“提升个人的感性意识,增强对形式的领悟力。接受这种教育的人会于其所见之外有更多发现,更多感悟。”7InAnneMorrowLindbergh'sbook,HourofCold,HourofLead:DiariesandLetters1929-1932,shesaysthatanexperiencewasnotfinisheduntilitwaswrittenorsharedinconversation.Shealsomakesthepointthattruththatislockedupintheheart-orinadiary-issterile.Itmustbegivenbacktolifesothatthehourofleadmaybetransformedortransmutedintothehourofgold.Thegoodmindisasharingmind.7安•莫罗•林德伯格在她的著作《黄金之时,领路之时,1929——1932年日记与信札》中说,“一次经历只有在写下来或对别人述说后才能算结束。”她还说,“深藏在心中或日记里的真理是没有结果的。”真理必须重返生活,“领路之时”才可能被转换成黄金之时。优秀的头脑是善于分享的头脑。8Aninescapableelementineducationforflexibilityisanattitudefavorabletochange.Thisishardtodevelop.Itrequiresfaithinoneselfandinthefuture.Insecurepeopledreadchange.Theywalkbackwardsintothefuture,clinginganxiouslyanddefensivelytothepast.8无可否认,适应性教育的要素之一是欣然接受变化的态度。这种态度不易培养。它需要人们对自我以及未来充满信心。缺乏安全感的人害怕变动。他们倒退着走向未来,焦虑而防卫性地牢牢抓紧过去。9Oftensuchpeoplethinktheydon'tamounttomuch.Theydonotacceptthemselvesandconsequentlydonotacceptothers.Thustheyremaineithernegativeoremotionallyimmatureintheiroutlooktowardthefuture.Lackinginsightintotheirownfeelingsofinadequacyandunimportance,theyshrinktheirworldtomeagerandmanageableproportions.Theymaywishtobemoreflexible,moreopen-minded,buttheydonotfeeluptoit.9通常,这些人会认为自己微不足道。他们不接受自己,所以也不接受他人。他们展望未来时,要么态度消极,要么怀着幼稚的情感。他们无法洞察自身的欠缺感和自卑感,将自己的世界压缩到了便于掌控的狭小范围。他们或许希望能够为人更加灵活,思想更加开放,但是他们觉得自己力所不能及。10Whatcantheschoolandcollegedotobuildanattitudemorefavorabletounprejudicedexaminationofnewideas?Certainlytheycanandmustdeveloptheself-confidenceofstudents,buildthemupwithrepeatedsuccessinsteadofconstantfailure.Theycandevelopagroupatmospherefriendlytoandsupportiveofchange.Schoolsandcollegescanhelpstudentsadmirewhatisadmirable,becomeacquaintedwithheroicmenandwomenwhochangedtheworld.Theycanprovidecontinuingguidanceinhowtobecomearealperson,onewhohasfaithinthefuture,whohasagoodmindofhisown.10学校和大学应该做些什么来培养积极的心态,使之能公正客观地评判新观点?显然他们可以而且必须培养学生的自信心,用连续的成功而不是反复的失败来激励学生。他们可以营造一个适应变化、鼓励变化的集体氛围。学校和大学可以帮助学生学会欣赏卓越,了解改造世界的英雄人物。他们可以为学生提供长期的指导,教育他们成为真正的人,成为一个相信未来、拥有优秀头脑的人。11Tomeetthestrikingsocialchangesofthefuture,continuingeducationisanecessity.Emersonputitthisway:Thethingstaughtitcollegesandschoolsarenotaneducationbutameansofeducation.AndSen