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GaiusJuliusCaesar(100-44BC)GeneralintroductionGaiusJuliusCaesar(13July100BC–15March44BC)wasamilitarycommander,politicianandauthorattheendoftheRomanRepublic.CaesarbecameamemberoftheFirstTriumvirate[trai‘ʌmvirət,-reit](三人执政),andwhenthatbrokeuphefoughtacivilwaragainstPompeytheGreat.Winningthewar,CaesarbecameDictatorforlifeoftheRomanRepublic.HewasassassinatedbyhisenemiesinRome.OnthewayupOnhisreturntoRomehewaselectedmilitarytribune（护民官）.Hewaselectedquaestor['kwi:stə,'kwe-](财务官)for69BC.HiswifeCorneliadiedthatyear.Afterherfuneral,CaesarwenttoservehisquaestorshipinSpain.Onhisreturnin67BC,hemarriedPompeia(agranddaughterofSulla),whomhelaterdivorced.In63BCheranforelectiontothepostofPontifexMaximus,highpriestoftheRomanstatereligion.Caesarwoncomfortably,despitehisopponents'greaterexperienceandstanding.Afterhispraetorship,CaesarwasappointedtogovernRomanSpain.InSpainheconqueredtwolocaltribes,andcompletedhisgovernorshipinhighesteem.Andafterelection,hewasaconsulofRomein59BC.FirstTriumvirateCaesartookpowerwithPompeytheGreatandCrassus.ThesethreemenruledRomeandwerecalledtheTriumvirate[trai‘ʌmvirət,-reit](三人执政).Caesarwasthego-betweenforCrassusandPompey.Theyhadbeenatoddsforyears,butCaesartriedtoreconcile['rekənsail]them.Betweenthethreeofthem,theyhadenoughmoneyandpoliticalinfluencetocontrolpublicbusiness.Duringthisperiod,Caesarproposedalawfortheredistributionofpubliclandstothepoor,whichwassupportedbyPompey.Caesar'sGallicWarWiththeagreementofhispartners,CaesarbecamethegovernorofGaul.Gaulistheareawhichistoday'sNorthernItaly,Switzerland,andFrance.CaesarwasthecommanderoftheRomanlegionsduringtheGallic['ɡælik]War.ThewarwasfoughtonthesideofRome'sGallicclientsagainsttheGermans,whowantedtoinvadeGaul.ItwasalsotoextendRome'scontrolofGaul.Caesar'sconquestofGaulextendedRome'sterritorytotheNorthSea.In55BCheconductedthefirstRomaninvasionofBritain.Caesarwroteaboutthiseight-yearwarinhisbookDeBelloGallico('AbouttheGallicWars').Thisbook,writteninLatin,isanimportanthistoricalaccount.Theseachievementsgothimgreatmilitarypower,andthreatenedtoeclipsePompey.Caesar'scivilwarIn50BC,theSenate,ledbyPompey,orderedCaesartodisbandhisarmyandreturntoRomebecausehistermasgovernorofGaulhadfinished.CaesarthoughthewouldbeprosecutedifheenteredRomewithouttheimmunityenjoyedbyamagistrate.PompeyaccusedCaesarofinsubordinationandtreason.ButwhenCaesar‘sarmyapproached,Pompey,thelawfulConsulofRome,andhisfriends,fledfromRome.DictatoratlastInRome,CaesarwasappointedDictator,withMarkAntonyashisMasteroftheHorse(secondincommand).Caesarpresidedoverhisownelectiontoasecondconsulshipandthen,afterelevendays,resignedthisdictatorship.In48BC,hewasappointeddictatoragain,onlythistimeforanindefiniteperiod.CaesarthenpursuedPompeytoEgypt,wherePompeywassoonmurdered.CaesarthenbecameinvolvedinanEgyptiancivilwarbetweenthechildpharaoh[‘fεərəu](法老)andhissister,wife,andco-regent(共同执政的)queen,Cleopatra[,kliə'pɑ:trə](埃及艳后).Caesardefeatedthepharaoh'sforcesin47BCandinstalledCleopatraasruler.CaesarandCleopatranevermarriedbecauseRomanLawonlyrecognizedmarriagesbetweentwoRomancitizens.In46BC,Caesarwasappointeddictatorfortenyears.IntwoyearshemadenumerouschangesinRomanadministrationtoimprovetheRepublic.Manyofthesechangesweremeanttoimprovethelivesofordinarypeople.InFebruaryof44BC,onemonthbeforehisassassination,hewasappointedDictatorforlife.AssassinationOnthe15Marchof44BC,CaesararrivedattheSenateandthenwasassassinatedbyhisenemiesinRome.AccordingtoEutropius,around60ormoremenparticipatedintheassassination.Caesarwasstabbed23timestodeath.Afterhisdeath,Romefellinchaos.InthechaosMarkAntony,Octavian[ɔk‘teiviən]（屋大维）,andothersfoughtaseriesoffivecivilwars,whichwouldendintheformationoftheRomanEmpire.Democracy:1Thecity-statesystem（城邦制）小国寡民2Patriarchsystem（元老制）3Thecitizensassembly（公民大会）通过一系列的改革，公民获得参与政治的权利前三巨头同盟:Marius马略Sulla苏拉PompeiiCrassusCaesar庞培克拉苏GaiusJuliusCaesar(100-44BC)wasnogreatmilitarygenius,butaskilfulorator,whocouldrallyandinspirehismen.Hisconquestshowever,spreadRomanlaw,customsandlanguagethroughoutEuropeandsecuredtheascendancyofitsempireforfivehundredyears.Hehimselfascribedhisvictoriestotwothings-luckandleadership.InhisCommentariesontheGallicWar,writteninthethirdperson,hesaid:‘Thesituationwascriticalandasnoreserveswereavailable,Caesarseizedashieldfromasoldierintherearandmadehiswaytothefrontline.Headdressedeachcenturionbynameandshoutedencouragementtotherestofthetroops,orderingthemtopushforwardandopentheirrankssotheycouldusetheirswordsmoreeasily.Hiscominggavethemfreshheartandhope.Eachmanwantedtodohisbestundertheeyesofthiscommanderdespitetheperil.’Oneofthemostimportantindividualsinhistory,Caesardeservesaworkofthisquality;ablytranslated,itilluminatesitssubjectwhilealsodemonstratinghowreallydifficultthestudyofhistoryis.Canfora(Greek&Latinphilology,Univ.ofBari,Italy;TheVanishedLibrary)claimsthatCaesarwasalwaysaleaderofthepopularesandonthisassumptiontriestocomprehendCaesar'svariouspoliticaldecisionsfromasearlyashisfleeingRomeunderSulla'sdictatorship(81B.C.E.)tohisownassassinationin44B.C.E.CanforaclaimsthatCaesar,unlikemo