法律英语-第七课-刑法

2019/12/8法律英语1LessonSevenCriminalLaw2019/12/8法律英语2Lawsaregenerallyfoundtobenetsofsuchatexture,asthelittlecreepthrough,thegreatbreakthrough,andthemiddle-sizedarealoneentangledin.–WilliamShensto,Britishpoet人们通常会发现，法律就是这样的一种网，触犯法律的人，小的可以穿网而过，大的可以破网而出，只有中等的才会坠入网中。–英国诗人申斯通W2019/12/8法律英语3Itisbettertofightforjusticethantorailattheill.AlfredsTennyson,Britishwriter与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。英国作家丁尼生A2019/12/8法律英语4Background★美国刑法的主要渊源是：联邦宪法、源于英国并且在各州得到不同发展的关于惩罚犯罪的普通法、州刑法和联邦刑法。但是刑法主要还是属于各州的司法管辖权范围。★合理辩护理由：未成年；错误；精神不正常；醉酒状态；被迫行为；正当防卫；紧急避险；警察圈套。2019/12/8法律英语5Background★美国刑法的具体犯罪可以粗略的分为四个部分：侵犯人身罪、侵犯财产罪、刑法典中的其他犯罪以及职业性经济犯罪。2019/12/8法律英语6Wordscrimen.罪行；罪恶；恶行criminaln.&adj.罪犯、犯人；犯罪的crimeagainsthumanitycrimebytakingadvantageofcreditcards/dutycrimeconcerningsecurities/VATinvoicescrimeofauditorsprovidingfalsifiedcertificationcrimeofhomicide2019/12/8法律英语7Wordscriminalcasecriminalgroupcriminalprocedureatfirstinstancecriminalprocedureatsecondinstancecommitv犯（罪）从事commitarmedrobberycommitmurdercommitanewcrime2019/12/8法律英语8Wordsjustifiable合法的、正当的justifiabledefensejustifiablehomicide刑罚名称：deathpenaltydeathpenaltywithareprievepenaltyforlifefixed-termimprisonmentpenalservitudeput(sb.)underpublicsurveillance2019/12/8法律英语9CLICKTOADDTEXT2019/12/8法律英语10BackgroundModelPenalCodeModelPenalCodewascreatedbyagroupoflawprofessors,judges,andlawyerstoofferacomprehensiverevisionofthecriminallaw.TheModelPenalCodeisnotlawandhasnobindingeffect.Ithas,however,beenthemodelformanystatecriminalcodesandhasbeenveryinfluentialonstateandlocallegislators.法律英语11刑法的三个主要问题Crime—felony;misdemeanorPunishment–guidelinesforsentencing(量刑指南)CriminalliabilityCapitalpunishmentDEATHPENALTY2019/12/8法律英语122019/12/8法律英语13Insanitydefense精神不正常辩护JohnHinckleyRonaldReagan2019/12/8法律英语14TEXTHomicideNotallhomicidesarecriminal.Justifiablehomicide——正当杀人Excusablehomicide——可宽恕的杀人2019/12/8法律英语15JustifiablehomicideSelf-defense正当防卫Policeofficer……topreventthecommissionofaforciblefelony警察预防暴力性重罪Topreventadangerousfelonescaping防止危险的重罪犯逃跑2019/12/8法律英语16ExcusablehomicideApersonaccidentallyandwithoutgrossnegligencecausesthedeathofanotherindividual.没有严重过失2019/12/8法律英语17Criminalhomicide——有罪杀人Akillingamountstoacriminalhomicidewhenitdonewithoutlawfuljustificationorexcuse.murdermanslaughter恶意杀人谋杀非恶意杀人非预谋杀人2019/12/8法律英语18TheelementsofthecrimesofmurderCourtsdecisionsLegislaturesSeparatestatuteCriminalcodeCommonlaw2019/12/8法律英语191.MurderKillingahumanbeingwith“malice”恶意、预谋杀人CaliforniaPenalCodeSECTION187-199：Murderistheunlawfulkillingofahumanbeing,orafetus,withmaliceaforethought.2019/12/8法律英语20MaliceExpressmalice——明示恶意Impliedmalice——暗示恶意Adeliberateintentiontotakeawaythelifeofafellowcreature故意剥夺他人生命Noconsiderableprovocation没有出现相当程度的挑衅Anabandonedandmalignantheart冷酷邪恶的心2019/12/8法律英语21Expressmalicevs.ImpliedmaliceFirearifleatamovingpassengertrainPushanotheroffthesideofamountain2019/12/8法律英语22PenaltyformurderDeath死刑Prisontermsextendingto“life”终身监禁Prisontoaspecialnumberofyears一定年限的监禁2019/12/8法律英语23(a)Felony–murder重罪恶意谋杀Felony–murder：amurderthatoccurswhiletheaccusedisintheactofcommittinganotherfelony,suchasarmedrobbery.Felonymurdercarriesaheaviersentencethanplainmurder.法律英语24Killingduringthecourseofafelonysuchasrobbery.在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人Gungoesoffaccidentallykillingtherobberyvictim,orabystander,orapoliceofficer.手枪意外走火，杀死被抢劫的受害者、旁观者或警察Adangerouscrimeasrobberysatisfiestherequirementofmalice抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件2019/12/8法律英语25MaliceMalicemayalsobeattributedtoarobberwhosepartnerinthecrimeintentionallykillssomeoneduringthecommissionofthecrimeortheattemptedescape.在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，一个强盗的同伙故意杀死人，那么该强盗也属于有恶意。2019/12/8法律英语26Co-felonsguiltyofmurder重罪共犯谋杀Inthecourseofanexchangeofshotsbetweenrobbersandthepolice,apoliceofficerisaccidentallykilledbyanotherofficer.在抢劫者与警察的交火过程中，一个警察意外地被另一个警察打死。2019/12/8法律英语27每个参与者都有恶意ThedangerousnessoftherobberyitselfActasanagentfortheothersinaccomplishingtheirobjective2019/12/8法律英语28Deathpenalty死刑在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到只要有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处罚就应该重得多，因此，立法机关规定，对杀人抢劫的处罚比无致命抢劫的处罚多15年以上。2019/12/8法律英语29(b)Degreesofmurder恶意杀人罪的等级VaryingpenaltiesformurderpunishablebydeathorlongimprisonmentFirstdegreemurderSeconddegreemurderpunishablewithalesserpenalty2019/12/8法律英语30FirstdegreemurderA“willful,deliberateandpremeditated”killing,suchasapoisoningorakillingduringthecommissionofadangerousfelony有意的、故意的、有预谋的杀人，比如投毒，或者在危险的重罪发生过程中杀人。2019/12/8法律英语31CommonlawMurder恶意杀人Manslaughter非恶意杀人2019/12/8法律英语322.ManslaughterUnlawfulkillingofanotherwithoutmalice.无恶意的非法杀人voluntaryinvoluntaryPrisonterm:1-14years2019/12/8法律英语33(a)Voluntarymanslaughter自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人Anintentionalkillingupon“greatprovocation”andintheheatof“passion”巨大挑衅激情之下故意杀人2019/12/8法律英语34Voluntarymanslaughterthepersonkilledanotherperson;thepersonactedintheheatofpassion;andheatofpassionwascausedbyadequateprovocation.法律英语35Heatofpassionmaybeprovokedbyfear,rage,angerorterror.Provocation,inordertobeadequate,mustbesu