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虚拟语气在英语文法中有三种语气，即直述式语气(IndicativeMood)、祈使语气(ImperativeMood)和虚拟语气(SubjectiveMood)，其中前两种我们早已熟悉了，这里则不多谈了，如：Howbeautifulsheis!则是直述式语气，而Hurryup!Don'thurryup则是祈使语气。我们主要来看看虚拟语气的主要用法。虚拟语气主要是用来表达一种无法实现的愿望，一种与事实相反的情况，或者将不可能实现的，或可能性很小的事实，假想为事实予以表述。这样的动词结构称为虚拟语气。它主要有三种形式，即与现在事实相反的假设，与过去事实相反的假设，与将来事实相反的假设。它们具体结构如表８－７。虚拟语气的构成种类条件句结构主句结构与现在事实相反动词用过去式be动词用wereShould/could＋动词原形would/might＋动词原形与过去事实相反的用had＋过去分词Should/could＋have＋过去分词would/might＋have＋过去分词与将来事实相反动词用过去式wereto加动词原形should加动词原形should＋动词原形would＋动词原形虚拟语气其他习惯用法简表种类功用句型例句虚拟语气表示主观愿望主句谓语宾语从句谓语动词Iwishwecouldgototheseasidetoday.wish现在过去式过去had+过去分词IwishIhadgonetothebasketballmatch.将来should+动词原形would+动词原形could+动词原形might+动词原形IwishedIcouldflytothemoon.Iwishyouwouldstayherealittlelonger.wouldrather现在过去式Iwouldratheryoucametomypartytomorrow.表示虚拟比较或方状语从句从句动词形式Shelookedaftertheorphanasifhewerehereownchild.式asif,asthough,evenif从句与现实相反过去式与过去相反had+过去分词They'retalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsformanyyears.与将来相反should+动词原形would+动词原形could+动词原形might+动词原形Themanlookedworried,asthoughsomethingwouldhappentohim.that,sothat,inorderthat从句may+动词原形might+动词原形can+动词原形could+动词原形TurnonthelightsothatIcouldseeitclearly.Iwarnedhiminorderthathemightkeepawayfromthedanger.表示间接的命令、建议或请求宾语从句用于suggest,propose,insist,desire,demand,request,order,command等之后(should)+动词原形TheyrequiredthatI(should)goatonce.Hesuggestedthatthemeeting(should)startearlier.表语从句主句中的主语常是：suggestion,idea,proposal,order,request等Mysuggestionisthatweshouldtellhim.Ouronlyrequestisthatthisproblem(should)besettledassoonaspossible.同位语从句Theyreceivedanorderthattheworkbestopped.在主语从句中表示Itisnecessary主语从句中的动词形式：Itisnecessarythateverymemberremembertheserules.惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等(important,natural,strange等)that…Itisagreatpitythatheshouldbesocareless.Itissuggestedthatweshouldgeteverythingreadybytonight.Itisapity(ashame,nowonder等)that…should+动词原形Itissuggested(requested,proposed等)that…表示祝愿或愿望may+动词原形Mayyousucceed!动词原形+宾语LonglivethePeople'sRepublicofChina!其他Itistimethat+主语+should+动词原形Itistimethat+主语+动词过去式It'stimethatyoushouldgohomenow.Itishightimethatweleft.1语法辨析Incorrect:IfIwasagirl，IwouldmarryyouCorrect:IfIwereagirl，Iwouldmarryyou表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，if条件句中的be动词一律用were，这句话应译为我要是个女孩，我就嫁给你。实际上不可能是个女孩。Incorrect:IfIwereyouIwillnotworryCorrect:IfIwereyouIshouldn'tworry现在时的虚拟语气主句要用should或would加动词原形，这句话应译为我要是你的话，就没有必要烦恼。要注意这种语态用在这里实际上是想把要讲出的观点表达得婉转些，有礼貌些。Incorrect:Godforgivesyou!Correct:Godforgiveyou!这里的主语God是第三人称单数，之所以动词不加s是因为要表达一种祝愿，即人力所不能及的事情，实际上是forgive前有一助动词should，May等，但在口语中将其省略了。如：Mayyoubehappy祝你幸福。Incorrect:Iftheweatherwasniceyesterday,wewouldhavegonetothezooCorrect:Iftheweatherhadbeenniceyesterday，wewouldhavegonetothezoo因句中有yesterday一词即表示的是与过去相反的事实，即昨天天气很不好，我们也未去动物园，所以if条件句应用had＋过去分词。Incorrect:Ifitiswasnotsnowingrightnow,IwillgoforawalkCorrect:Ifitwas(were)notsnowingrightnow，Iwouldgoforawalk虚拟语态be动词作助动词时，则可用was来取代were，如wasto。虚拟语态中的动词如果是表示正在进行之中也要用进行时态。Incorrect:Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldhavebeenbetternowCorrect:Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldbebetternow这句话的意思是如果你以前要是能听我的忠告的话，你现在就会好多了。其条件句是与过去事实相反的虚拟句，而主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟句，这在语法书中叫做混合虚拟条件句。例如：IfIhadcaughtthatplane，Iwouldbedeadnow即：TheplaneIintendedtocatchcrashedandeveryonewaskilledIncorrect:Hewereyou，hewouldgohomeatonceCorrect:Wereheyou，hewouldgohomeatonceCorrect:Ifhewereyou，hewouldgohomeatonce在虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，但if省略后其句子的结构要采用倒装语序。Incorrect:SupposingyourteachersawyouwithmeWhatdoesshethink?Correct:Supposingyourteachersawyouwithme，whatmightshethink?这句话中没有if条件句，但仍要用作虚拟语态。这里因为有些分词或介词短语，起到了从句的作用。这些短语有：without，providing,supposing，butfor(you)…Incorrect:Toseethegirl，youwilllikeherCorrect:Toseethegirl，youwouldlikeher这里的条件句是用不定式取代了。Incorrect:I'msorryIdidhavecomeherebycarCorrect:I'msorryIshouldhavecomeherebycar这里的条件句被省略了，其意为我真应该坐小车来。同样在句意不会混淆的情况下，主句也有时可以被省略，如：Whatifweshouldfail!(我们万一失败了如何)。Ifhecoulddoit,whynot?(如果他能做，他怎么会不干呢?)Incorrect:Iftheearthwere(was)toturnfromeasttowest，IwillgiveyouthiscarasagiftCorrect:Iftheearthwere(was)toturnfromeasttowestIwouldgiveyouthiscarasagift条件句中也常用wereto来表示说话者认为可能性极小或根本不可能的事。Incorrect:Ifyou'dhavetoldhimearly，hewouldhavepassedtheexamCorrect:Ifyouhadtoldhimearly，hewouldhavepassedtheexam非正式口语中往往听见外国人讲：'dhave＋pp(过去分词)但仍没有人认为它是正确的句子，不易为我们效仿。Incorrect:ThelittlegirllookedasifshewouldhaveseenaghostCorrect:Thelittlegirllookedasifshehadseenaghost要注意的是asif从句中如果用虚拟语气，它的用法要与if条件句的动词结构相同，即与现在事实相反动词用过去式，be动词用were，而与过去事实相反的动词用had＋pp(过去分词)。另外更要注意的是，并非所有asif从句都要用虚拟语气。如：Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow(看天好像要下雪)即是真实条件句。Incorrect:Ishouldhavecomehereearly，butIhadbeenbusyCorrect:IshouldhavecomehereearlybutIwasbusybut是转折连词，其后的句子是真实句，而不是虚拟句。Incorrect:Totellthetruth，IwishIknowheraddressnowCorrect:Totellthetruth,IwishIknewheraddressnowwish的宾语从句中要用虚拟结构，与现在事实相反的条件动词要用过去式，be动词用were，与过去事实相反的条件动词要用had＋过去分词。如：IwishedIhadpassedthatexamIncorrect:HishomeworkwaswrittenbadlyIwishhewilldoitbettertomorrowCorrect:HishomeworkwaswrittenbadlyIwishhewoulddoitbettertomorrowwish要用来表示对现状不满，希望将来有所改进，则要用would加动词原形。并非wish不能表达真正的祝愿，但是不能接从句，而要用双宾语，或不定式，如：Iwishyouluck(双宾语)IwishyoutobeagoodstudentIwishtoseeheratonceIncorrect:IwishitwillnotbeanotherfailureCorrect:Ihopeitw