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英美文化概况问答题以及答案：1.WhatarethesomeofthemajorpowersofeachofthethreebranchesoftheUSgovernment?Howarethethreebranchessupposedtocheckandbalanceeachother?CanpoliticalreforminChinaborrowanythingfromthat?美国政府三大部门的一些主要权利是什么？三大部门之间如何制约和平衡？中国的政治改革能否从中借鉴什么？A．WhatarethesomeofthemajorpowersofeachofthethreebranchesoftheUSgovernment?Thethreebranches—theLegislative,theExecutive,headedbythepresident.AndtheJudicial,headedbytheSupremeCourt.TheLegislative,includingbothhousesofCongress(theSenateandtheHouseofRepresentative)。Thelegislativebranch(立法机构）istheonlybranchthatcanmakefederallaws,levyfederaltaxesanddeclarewarorputforeigntreatiesintoeffect.TheExecutive,headedbythepresident.Thepresidentcanappointfederaljudgesasvacanciesoccur,includingmembersoftheSupremeCourt.AllsuchcourtappointmentsaresubjecttoconfirmationbytheSenate.Thepresidenthasbroadpowers,withtheexecutivebranch,toissueregulationsanddirectivesregardingtheworkofthefederaldepartments.Heisthecommanderinchiefofthearmedforces.Thejudicialbranch(司法机构)isheadedbytheSupremeCourtwithachiefjusticeand8associatejustices.TheFederalcourtshavejurisdictionovercasesarisingoutoftheConstitutionandothercaseswhichdonotariseoutofindividualstates.TheSupremeCourthasthejudicialreviewpower.B．Howarethethreebranchessupposedtocheckandbalanceeachother?Systemof“checksandbalances(制约与平衡的原则)”ofthethree-partnationalgovernmentworkstokeepseriousmistakesfrombeingmadebyonebranchoranother.C．CanpoliticalreforminChinaborrowanythingfromthat?Chinadoesnotmaketheseparation,butcanabsorbthereasonablefactors.Thepeople'scongresssystemisabasicsystemsuitabletoChina'snationalconditions.Itdirectlyreflectsthatpeople'sdemocraticdictatorshipisnationalnatureinourcountry,reflectedthewholepictureofourpoliticallifeandisthebasicformsandmeansforthepeopletobethemastersofdemocraticrights.(中国不搞三权分立，但可以吸收其合理的因素。人民代表大会制度是比较符合我国国情的根本制度，它直接反映我国人民民主专政的国家性质，体现了我国政治生活的全貌，是人民实现当家作主的民主权利的基本形式和途径)2.“Britishhistoryisahistoryofinvasion”.Pleaseillustratethispoint.HowdideachoftheinvasionsinfluenceEnglishculture?“英国的历史是侵略的历史”请说明这个观点。每次侵略是如何影响英国文化的？Beforethe1stcenturyAD,bemadeupoftribalkingdomsofCelticpeople凯尔特人1.In43AD,invadedbytheRomanEmpire罗马帝国,andEnglandandWales(thoughnotScotlandandIreland)becameapartoftheRomanEmpirefornearly400years(tillthe5thcenturyAD)2.TheGermanic日尔曼人(theAngles盎格鲁人andtheSaxon撒克逊人)invasion,theAnglo-SaxonseitherabsorbedtheCelticpeople,orpushedthemtothewesternornorthernedgesofBritain(Glasgow,ScottishCelts).Anglo-SaxoninvadersbecametheforefathersoftheEnglish,thefoundersof“Angle-land”or“England”asithasbecomeknown.3.Fromthelate8thcenturyon,(tillthe10th)raidersfromScandinavia(斯堪的纳维亚),theferociousVikings(北欧海盗),threatenedBritain’sshores,leadingtolargeareasofnorthernandeasternEnglandwereundertheircontrol.(thedifferencebetweenthenorthernersandthesouthernerssophisticated,arrogant,unfriendlyandricher)4.Theyearof1066,Norman(诺曼人,fromnorthernFrance,whoweredescendentsofVikings)invasion;UnderWilliamNormandy(knownas“WilliamtheConqueror”征服者威廉一世),theycrossedtheEnglishChannelin1066,andintheBattleofHastings,defeatedanEnglisharmyunderKingHarold(英格兰最后一位撒克逊民族的国王).Thismarksthelasttimethatanarmyfrom3．Inthelate1980sandtheearly1990stheworldsawgreatchanges.WhatnewstrategydidtheUSformafterthat?在1980s末和1990s初世界发生了巨大的变化。在那之后美国的新政策是什么？Inthelate1980sandearly1990stheworldwitnessedthemostremarkablechangessincetheWWII.ThefalloftheBerlinWallin1989,thechangeofthecoloroftheEasternEuropeancountriesandthedisintegrationoftheSUattheendof1991radicallychangedthebalanceofpowerintheworld.AmericanstrategicplannersagainbroughtuptheideaofaPlaxAmericana.Itsnationalstrategywasengagementandexpansion,whichmeanstheUS,willtakeamoreactivepartinworldaffairsandwillmoreactivelypromotemarketeconomyandAmericanstyledemocracyintheworld.WhatispreemptionintheBushDoctrine?在布什主义中得到优先权是什么？InanaddressdeliveredtotheWestPointgraduates,PresidentBush,forthefirsttime,putforwardthestrategyofpreemption,whichisformalizedintheNationalSecurityStrategyissuedinSept.2002.Bypreemption,theUSmeansthatwhenitdeterminesthatacountrywhichisrepressiveandhostiletotheUShasacquiredorproducedweaponsofmassdestructionorhasthepotentialtopossesssuchweapons,theUSshoulduseforcetoremovethisthreattoUSsecurityandshouldnotwaittillthedangerbecomesimminentoruntiltheUsisattacked.ThisisknownasBushDoctrine.4.ComparetheeducationsysteminBritainandthatinChina.Trytoillustrateitspecifically.比较英中两国的教育体系。尽量列出他们的不同。ReceivingeducationinBritainiskindofwelfare,however,thatiskindoftradeinChina.AstudentinUKwillhave“Streaming”,nationaltestandGCSEintheirstudyingpath,andtheyhave4KeyStages.InChina,studentsusuallyhave3stages—primaryschool,juniorhighschoolandseniorhighschool.Andthefatalexam“Gaokao”(universityentranceexam)willdecidetheirwayoflifeforwards.ThechanceforastudenttogetintoauniversityinChinaismuchlowerthanthatinBritain.Only1outof1000studentshastheaccesstouniversity.InChina,whichdecidedthattheeducationisameanofselectingotherthanawayofexploringstudents’potential.StudyinginBritainistendingtothink,yetstudyinginChinaistendtorecite.Astothecourse,comparingtheth