2018浙江新高考之概要写作summary-writing

Whatis“summary”?•Asummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.概要是一篇较长文章本质思想的简洁重述，它要求用尽量少的语言对原文的主旨进行复述。概要不是简单的换句话说，更不是评论，而是作者思想中最基本部分的准确再现。Howtogetahighmark?《考试说明》中评分标准规定概要写作阅卷时按5个档次给分，其中最高档次第五档（21-25points）：1.理解准确，涵盖全部要点；2.能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；3.完全使用自己的语言；4.有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使完成的概要结构紧凑。contents(内容)languageskills(语言)structure(结构)agoodsummaryallthekeypointsgrammar,vocabularytightandcoherent(连贯)yourownwordsabout60-80wordsrightspelling,properpunctuationHowtowritingagoodsummary?A.定位findouttheessentialinformationB.改写rewritetheinformationinyourownwordsC.核查checkthesentencesandaddsomeconjunctionsA.定位通过阅读定位语篇的核心信息，包括核心单词，核心短语和核心句子。（句子为主，以单词和短语为辅）typeskeyinformation记叙文narration人物+时间+地点+事件（起因+发展+结果）说明文exposition描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象+性质功用+利好”；针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题+解决方法”；介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象+原因+结果”议论文argumentation论点+论据(+结论)1.确定文体thetypesofthepassage√√2.消减事例Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglishin1546.3.省略细节（尽量减少实事，大胆省略实事）essentialinformationB.改写在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式的改写，对原文的语言表达形式尽可能实现大规模的改变。改写过程中，原则上字数不超过原句，不改变原文的逻辑结构，充分考虑语句压缩。1.使用近义词或反义词ZhouYangwillrememberhisfirsttaskasareporter.Toresearchwhethersucha“sixthsense”reallyexists,RobertBakerperformedtwoexperiments.NeverwillZhouYangforgethisfirstassignmentasajournalist.studyifcarriedout/did/madeShebroughthomealotofbooksandmagazines.2.把短语变为单词Cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleaningawaydirtbenefitshealth.3.使用广义词(generalwords)代替具体词(specificwords)ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweek,andsometextbooks.Hedidn’tlikethecity.Hehatedit.4.消除重复5.把直接引语的主要信息变为间接引语Thebosssaidtohim,“Tillyou’remoreexperiencedyoucancoverastory.”Hedislikedthecity.Thebosssaidthatwithmoreexperiencehecouldcovernews.6.主动句和被动句互换RobertBaker,apsychologistattheUniversityofKentucky,performedtwoexperiments.Twoexperimentswerecarriedoutbyapsychologist.7.基本句型间灵活转换Dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease.S+V+PS+V+ODirtontheskincouldprotectpeoplefromgettingill.Youwillobtainalltheinformationifvariousquestionsareasked.8.特殊句式（强调句，倒装句，therebe）和正常语序句式的转化Onlyifyouaskmanydifferentquestionswillyouacquirealltheinformation.Toresearchwhethersucha“sixthsense”reallyexists,RobertBaker,…thereisreallyasixthsenseC.核查核查连贯性优先考虑使用最短连接词（but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however）核查字数（60-80words）核查标点和语法+2016年《考试说明》概要写作样题段落核心信息功能1•…thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.论点+论据2•Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease….•France/England•InEurope3•…sincethe18thcentury•…cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.4•nowadays•…anAmericanimmunologist,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.•…thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.have,exist,changingopinions，viewpointsPeoplehavechangingopinionstowarddirtovertime.Changingviewpointstowarddirtexist.People’sviewpointstowardsdirtarechanging.…S+V+P•Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease….•France/England•InEuropeItwasthoughtthat…/Peoplebelievedthat…protect…from…;prevent…from…;keep…freefromS+V+Pillness,gettingillIntheearly16thcentury,people,especiallythoseinsomeEuropeancountries,thoughtthatdirtontheskincouldprotectthemfromgettingill.Intheearly16thcentury,peopleincludingsomeEuropeansbelievedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.S+V+OsomeEuropeancountries•…sincethe18thcentury•…cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.DoingAisgoodtoBItisgoodforBtodoAPeoplehaverealizedthatitwasgoodforhealthtoremovedirtsincethe18thcentury.remove,wash…offbenefityourhealth,keep…healthySincethe18thcentury,peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.…•Nowadays•…anAmericanimmunologist,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.now/atpresentsomescientistsadvise,suggest,holdtheviewpowerfulexpose…toNow,morepeopleholdtheviewthatchildrenshouldbeexposedtothedirttohaveapowerfulimmunesystem.Moreandmorepeoplebelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.…Peoplehavechangingopinionstowarddirtovertime.Intheearly16thcentury,itwasthoughtthatdirtontheskincouldprotectpeoplefromgettingill.However,peoplehaverealizedthatitwasgoodforhealthtoremovedirtsincethe18thcentury.Now,anincreasingnumberofpeopleholdtheviewthatchildrenshouldbeexposedtothedirttostrengthenimmunesystem.Don’tforgettomakeyoursummarytight!Example1:Usingtoomuchwaterorthrowingrubbishintoourriversareclearwaysthathumanscanputourwatersupplyindanger,butwealsoaffectourwatersupplyinlessobviousways.Youmaywonderhowpavingaroadcanleadtolessuseablefreshwater.Amajorpartofthewaterweuseeverydayisgroundwater.Groundwaterdoesnotcomefromlakesorrivers.Itcomesfromunderground.Themoreroadsandparkinglotswepave,thelesswatercanflowintothegroundtobecomegroundwater.Humanactivityisnotresponsibleforallwatershortages.Drierclimatesareofcoursemorelikelytohavedroughtsthanareaswithmorerainfall,butinanycase,goodmanag