TherhetoricappreciationofthisspeechtheclassicworkinliteratureandspeechtheapplicationofrhetoricLvxu’sAestheticpointofview(美学角度):a)Melodyfiguresofspeech(音律修辞格)b)Wordsandfiguresofspeech(词语修辞格)c)Structuralfiguresofspeech(结构修辞格)Melodyfiguresofspeech音律修辞格1.Alliteration(押头韵)Alliterationistheuseinspeechorwritingofseveralwordsclosetogetherwhichallbeginwiththesameletterorsound.Itshowsthebeautyofmusicandreadscatchy(朗朗上口).Alliterationhastheverystrongexpressionsandinfluences.•Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts.•我还看见大批愚笨迟钝,受过训练,唯命是从,凶残暴忍的德国士兵,象一大群爬行的蝗虫正在蹒跚行进。•IhavetodeclarethedecisionofHisMajesty'sGovernment-andIfeelsureitisadecisioninwhichthegreatDominionswillinduecourseconcur–forwemustspeakoutnowatonce,withoutaday'sdelay.•现在我必须宣布国王陛下政府的决定,我确信伟大的自治领地在适当时候会一致同意这项决定。然而我们必须现在,必须立即宣布这项决定,一天也不能耽搁。2.Onomatopoeia(拟声)•Onomatopoeiareferstotheuseofwordswhichsoundlikethenoisetheyreferto.‘Hiss’(嘶嘶声)and‘buzz’(嗡嗡声)areexamplesofonomatopoeia.•Theimplicationofonomatopoeiamakeslanguageandimagevivid.•IseeadvancinguponallthisinhideousonslaughttheNaziwarmachine,withitsclanking,heel-clicking,dandifiedPrussianofficers.•我看到了正在扑向这片土地的纳粹战争机器,他们杀气腾腾,我看到全副戎装的普鲁士军官,他们的刀剑铛铛有声、皮靴咚咚作响。RobertburnsAnalogyiscommonlyusedinpeople'sdailyliferhetoricaldevices.Analogyistousesimpleandfamiliarobjectstoillustrateabstractthings,togetlivelyandvividexpressiverhetoricaleffect比喻是人们日常生活中常用的修辞手段。比喻是用浅显的和熟知的事物去说明抽象的事物,以获得生动传神达意的修辞效果Simile(明喻):Awordoraphrasethatcomparessthtosthelse,usingthewordslikeorasEg:1.Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldiery,ploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts.我也看到了呆头呆脑训练有素既驯服听话又凶残野蛮的德国士兵像群蝗虫般地向前蠕动着2.TheNaziregimeisdevoidofallthemeandprincipleexceptappetiteandracialdomination.除了贪欲和种族统治外,它没有任何指导思想和行动准则。Metaphor(隐喻):awordoraphraseusedinanimaginativewaytodescribesb/sthelse,inordertoshowthatthetwothingshavethesamequantitiesandtomakethedescriptionmorepowerful,forexample,shehasaheartofstone;theuseofsuchwordsandphrases.Eg:1.Until,withgodshelp,wehaveridtheearthofhisshadowandliberateditspeoplesfromhisyoke.直到在上帝的帮助下,我们将它的魔影从地球上消除,将纳粹统治下的人民从它的枷锁中解放出来。2.TheRussiandangeristhereforeourdanger…ineveryquarteroftheglobe.苏联所面临的危险就是我们自己的危险,同样也是美国的危险;苏联人民保家卫国的事业就是全世界一切自由的人民和自由的民族的事业。Personification(拟人):afigureofspeechthatgiveshumanformorfeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributestoinanimateobjects,ortoideasandabstractions,Eg:1.IwillunsaynowordthatIhavespokenaboutit…Thepast,withitscrimes,itsfollies,anditstragedies,flashesaway.我决不收回我的反共言论然而眼前的景象已将那一切冲得烟消云散了共产党过去的一切所作所为,连同它的种种罪恶蠢行和制造的悲剧全都从眼前突然消失2.ButwhenIspokeafewminutesagoofHitlersblood-lustandthehatefulappetiteswhichHaveimpelledorluredhimonhisRussianadventureIsaidtherewasonedeepermotivebehindhisoutrage.但在几分钟前,当我谈到希特勒受其嗜血成性邪恶贪婪的驱使或引诱,贸然发动了这次对苏联的侵略冒险时,我还说过在他的疯狂行为的背后隐藏着一个深谋远虑的动机。三、structuralfiguresofspeech(结构修辞格)Inthisspeech,Churchillusedconsiderableparallelismandrepetition,sohiswordsarepowerfulandappealing.(丘吉尔在这篇演讲中大量地运用了排比、反复等修辞手法,使演讲听起来气势恢宏,更富感染力。)(一)Parallelism(排比)英语中的parallelism是平行排列的两个或两个以上结构相同或相似、意义相关的(similarstructureandrelatedmeaning)短语或句子。排比的使用使文章气势恢宏,结构匀称整齐,读起来朗朗上口,是演讲中不可或缺的修辞段。ExampleoneIseetheRussiansoldiersstanding…,Iseethemguardingtheirhomes…IseethetenthousandvillagesofRussia...IseeadvancinguponallthisinhideousonslaughttheNaziwarmachine,...Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldiery...IseetheGermanbombersandfightersinthesky,stillsmartingfrom…[8]line48-63(此刻我看到苏联士兵昂然挺立于自己的国土……我看到成千上万的苏联村庄……我看到杀气腾腾的纳粹机器正践踏着苏联的热土……我看到呆头呆脑、训练有素、既驯服听话又凶残野蛮的德国士兵像群蝗虫般地向前蠕动着……我看到那些屡遭英军还击、余悸未消的德国轰炸机和战斗机…)Exampletwo•Wewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiatewithHitleroranyofhisgang.[10]line74-77(我们决不妥协,我们绝不与希特勒及其帮凶谈判。)•Weshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair,until,withGod’shelp,wehaveridtheearthofhisshadowandliberateditspeoplesfromhisyoke.[5]80(我们将对他实施地面打击,我们将对他实施海上打击,我们将对他实施空中打击,直到在上帝的帮助下,将他的魔影从地球上消除,将纳粹统治下的人民从他所设的枷锁中解放出来。)•通过用两个“Wewillnever…”和三个“Weshall…”句型表明了丘吉尔决不妥协、要与希特勒战斗到底的决心。Paragraph13(line116-118)•“Letuslearnthelessonsalreadytaughtbysuchcruelexperience.Letusredoubleourexertions,andstrikewithunitedstrengthwhilelifeandpowerremain.(让我们从过去残酷的历史经验中汲取教训吧。让我们趁着生命维系、力量尚存之时,加倍努力,团结奋斗吧。)•在此,丘吉尔呼吁英国人民牢记惨痛的经历,全力以赴消灭德国纳粹。(二)Repetition(反复)反复修辞格就是有意利用了人们无心所为的言语重复(wordsrepetition)而描摹人物复杂的心理活动,抒发强烈的思想感情。丘吉尔多次运用反复来强调击败德国的重要性和必要性以及自己坚定无比的决心。Paragraph12(line93-96)•ThisisnotimetomoralizeonthefolliesofcountriesandGovernmentswhichhaveallowedthem-selvestobestruckdownonebyone,whenbyunitedactiontheycouldhavesavedthemselvesandsavedtheworldfromthiscatastrophe.(那些遭到各个击破的国家和政府当初若是采取联合一致的行动,本来是可以使自己和全世界免遭这场劫难的。)Paragraph10(line71-72)•Wehavebutoneaimandonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.……Fromthisnothingwillturnus—nothing.(我们只有一个目标,一个唯一的、不可改变的目标———我们决心消灭希特勒及其纳粹政权的一切痕迹。)•两个“one”和否定词“nothing”的反复出现,凸显了丘吉尔丝毫不能动摇的消灭德军的决心:他的唯一目标和不可改变的目标就是决心消灭希特勒及其纳粹政权的一切痕迹。Paragraph13(line113-116)•TheRussiandangeristhereforeourdanger,andthedangeroftheUnitedStates,justasthecauseofanyRussianfightingforhishearthandhomeisthecauseoffreemenandfreepeoplesineveryquart