Lesson-11-Elision-and-Contraction

Lesson11:Elision&ContractionLecturer:ZhangXiqianImportanceforElisionElisionistheomissionofsounds,syllablesorwordsinspeech.Thisisdonetomakethelanguageeasiertosay,andfaster.Elisionisanimportantareainlisteningskills,aslearnersareoftenunabletohearelidedwordscorrectly,especiallyiftheyhavelittlecontactwithnativespeakers.I.MostcommonelisionformsOmissionofaconsonantsoundOmissionofplosivesoundsOmissionofthe/h/soundOmissionofthe/t/sounda.OmissionofaconsonantsoundWhenthewordendswithaconsonantletter,andthebeginningofthenextwordisthesameconsonant,thentheconsonantletterinthefirstworddoesnotread.Practice:busstopkeeppeaceparttimegooddaytakecarebiggameeattoomuchteammemberb.Omissionofplosivesounds-pbtdkgWhenthewordendswithaplosivesound,andthebeginningofthenextwordisaconsonant,thentheplosivesoundinthefirstworddoesnotread.Practice:stopthatkeepfitsitdownlastnightandnowmakemoneyatthattimegoodmorningputitdownwouldlikelightlySeptemberEnglishpicnicc.Omissionofthe/h/soundThe“h”soundisoftendroppedinpersonalpronounssuchas“he”,“him”,“his”and“her”.Andwhenitisdropped,whatisleftisavowelsound,andthevowelsoundisalwayslinkedtotheprecedingword.Practice:giveherabook.–giv-erabook.tellhimtoaskher.–tell-imtoask-er.whatwillhedo?–whatwill-ido?whenwillhecome?–whenwill-icome?howwillheknow?–howwill-iknow?hashegone?–has-igone?whowillhemeet?–whowill-imeet?musthego?–must-igo?canhedoit?–can-idoit?shouldheleave?–should-ileave?d.Omissionofthe/t/soundThe/t/soundisoftendroppedafterthe/n/sound.ThisisaverynaturalcomponentofspokenEnglishbecausethesoundomissionhelpsspeakerstopronounceclustersofconsonantsmoreeasily.Practice:winter–winnerIt’stoocoldhereinthewinner!plenty–plenySallyhasplenyofmoneyinthebank.twenty–twenyDavidispaidtwenydollarsanhourathisjob.wantto–wannaIwannagoshoppingthisafternoon.goingto–gonnaI’mgonnacookchickenfordinner.don’tknow–dunnoIdunnoheremailaddress.ContractionWeoftencontractorshortenwordsinEnglish.Forexample,wemaysayhe'sinsteadofheis.Notethatweusuallyinsertanapostrophe(')inplaceofthemissingletterorlettersinwriting.Wedothisespeciallywhenwespeak.Wedonotcontractwordssomuchinwriting.Ifyouhavetowriteanessayinanexam,donotusecontractions.Theonlyexceptiontothiswouldbewhenyouquotesomebodywithinyouressay,forexamplespokendialogue.I.Mostcommoncontractedformsa.PositiveContractionsb.NegativeContractionsc.OtherContractionsd.InformalContractionsa.PositiveContractionsSomecontractionscanhavetwoorthreemeanings.Forexample,he'dcanbehehadorhewould.Itdependsontherestofthesentence.Lookattheseexamples:•He'dliketogo.(Hewouldliketogo.)•He'dfinishedwhenIarrived.(HehadfinishedwhenIarrived.)Thecontraction's(=isorhas)isnotusedonlywithpronouns.Itcanalsobeusedwithnouns,names,questionwordsandwordslikehereandthere,forexample:Thetrain'slate.John'sarrived.Where'sthephone?Here'syourchange.There'sapoliceman.ShortformLongformI’mIamI’veIhaveI’llIwill/IshallI’dIwould/Ishould/IhadYou’reYouareYou’llYouwillYou’dYouhad/youwouldHe’sHehas/heisHe’llHewillShortformLongformHe’dHehad/hewouldShe’sShehas/sheisShe’llShewillShe’dShehad/shewouldIt’sIthas/itisIt’llItwillWe’reWeareWe’veWehaveShortformLongformWe’llWewillWe’dWehad/wewouldThey’reTheyareThey’veTheyhaveThey’llTheywillThey’dTheyhad/theywouldb.NegativeContractionsWiththeverbtobe,twonegativeformsarepossible-wearen'torwe'renotetc.Inquestions,amnotiscontractedtoaren't,forexample:I'mlate,aren'tI?ShortformLongformAren’tArenotCan’tCannot,cannotCouldn’tCouldnotDaren’tDarenotDidn’tDidnotDoesn’tDoesnotDon’tDonotHasn’tHasnotHaven’tHavenotShortformLongformHadn’tHadnotIsn’tIsnotMayn’tMaynotMightn’tMightnotMustn’tMustnotNeedn’tNeednotOughtn’tOughtnotShortformLongformShan’tShallnotShouldn’tShouldnotWasn’tWasnotWeren’tWerenotWon’tWillnotWouldn’tWouldnotc.OtherContractionsItispossible,andcommon,tocontractthreewords,forexample:•I'd'vethoughtso=Iwouldhavethoughtso.ShortformLongformExampleHere’sHereisHere’syourmeal.There’llTherewillThere’llbenobodyhere.There’sThereisThere’sataxi!That’sThatisThat’smycar!That’llThatwillThat’llbe$10,please.How’sHowisHow’syourwife?What’llWhatwill?What’llpeoplethink?ShortformLongformExampleWhat’sWhatisWhat’sthematter?When’sWhenisWhen’sthewedding?Where’sWhereis?Where’sthecinema?Who’sWhois?Who’syourteacher?Who’dWhowould?Who’dlikeice-cream?Who’llWhowill?Who’llbethere?d.InformalContractionsInformalcontractionsareshortformsofotherwordsthatpeopleusewhenspeakingcasually.Theyarenotexactlyslang,buttheyarealittlelikeslang.Forexample:•gonnaisashortformofgoingto.Ifyousaygoingtoveryfast,withoutcarefullypronouncingeachword,itcansoundlikegonna.TheseinformalcontractionsarenotcorrectEnglish.Donotusetheminawrittenexam,forexample,exceptinappropriatesituations.unlikenormalcontractions,wedonotusuallyuseapostrophes(')withinformalcontractionswhenwritten.ShortformLongformExampleain’tamnot/arenot/isnotYouain’tmyfriend.ain’thasnot/havenotSheain’tfinishedyet.Iain’tdoneit.gimmegivemeCanyougimmeahand?gonnagoingtoI’mnotgonnatellyou.gotta(have)gottoIgottaseehim.gotta(have)gotaI’vegottagun.ShortformLongformExampleg’byegoodbyeI’