美国文学-海明威

ErnestHemingwayandAFarewelltoArmsHemingway:lifeandwritingHemingwaywasamythinhisowntimeandhislifewascolorful.Name:Birth:Death:Nationality:Career:Rememberedas:ErnestHemingwayAmerican18991961oneofthegreatAmericanwritersofthe20thcenturynovelistandshort-storywriterHewasborninOakPark,Illinois.Hemingwaylovedsportsandoftenwenthuntingandfishingwithhisfather,whichprovidedhimwithwritingmaterials.Afterhighschool,heworkedasareporter.DuringWorldWarIheservedasanhonorablejuniorofficerintheAmericanRedCrossAmbulanceCorpsandin1918wasseverelywoundedinbothlegs.Afterthewar,hewenttoParisasaforeignreporter.InfluencedandguidedbySherwoodAnderson,StephenCraneandGertrudeSteinhebecameawriterandbegantoattractattention.SherwoodAndersonGertrudeSteinHemingwaywasmarriedfourtimes.HemingwayspenttimeinKeyWest,Florida,Spain,andAfricaafter1927.Hewasawarcorrespondentfrom1936-1939duringtheSpanishCivilWar.Afterthewar,HemingwaymovedtoHavana,Cuba,andin1958movedtoIdaho.In1961,Hemingwayshothimselfwithguninhishome.Hemingwaybelievedthattowritewell,youshouldexperiencefirsthandthesubjectaboutwhichyouwrite.LiteraryAwardsHemingway’snovelTheOldManandtheSea,publishedin1952wonhimaPulitzerandNobelPrize.HemingwayreceivingtheNobelPrizeforLiteratureHismajorworksHisfirstbookInOurTime(1925)presentsaHemingwayherocalledNickAdams.Exposedtoandvictimizedbyviolenceinvariousforms,Nickbecomestheprototypeofthewoundedherowho,withallthedignityandcouragehecouldmuster,confrontssituationswhicharenotofhisownchoosingyetthreatenhisdestruction.HismajorworksTheSunAlsoRises(l926),Hemingway'sfirsttruenovel,castslightonTheLostGeneration.Theyoungexpatriatesinthisnovelareagroupofwandering,amusing,butaimlesspeople,whoarecaughtinthewarandremovedfromthepathofordinarylife.HismajorworksHemingway'ssecondbigsuccessAFarewelltoArms(1929)wrotetheepitaphtoadecadeandtothewholegenerationinthe1920s.IttellsusaboutthetragiclovestoryaboutawoundedAmericansoldierwithaBritishnurse.FrederickHenryrepresentstheexperienceofawholenation,whoiswoundedinwaranddisillusionedwiththeinsanityandfutilityoftheuniverse.HismajorworksForWhomtheBellTollsconcernsavolunteerAmericanguerrillaRobertJordanfightingintheSpanishCivilWar.Althoughfullyawareofthedoomedfailureofhisstruggle,hekeepsonstrivingbecauseitisacauseoffreedomanddemocracy.Intheend,themannerofhisdyingconvincespeoplethatlifeisworthlivingandtherearecausesworthdyingfor.HismajorworksTheOldManandtheSea,cappinghiscareerandleadingtohisreceiptoftheNobelPrize,isaboutanoldCubanfishermanSantiagoandhislosingbattlewithagiantmarlin.Inatragicsense,itisarepresentationoflifeasastruggleagainstunconquerablenaturalforcesinwhichonlyapartialvictoryispossible.Nevertheless,thereisafeelingofgreatrespectforthestruggleandmankind.TheOldManandtheSea(1952)《老人与海》In1954,whenHemingwaywasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiterature,itwasforhismasteryoftheartofnarrative,mostrecentlydemonstratedinTheOldManandtheSea,andfortheinfluencethathehasexertedoncontemporarystyle.HismajorworksHemingway'sotherimportantworksincludeMenWithoutWomen(1927),DeathintheAfternoon(l932),TheGreenHillsofAfrica(1935),TheSnowsOfKilimanjaro(1936)ToHaveandHaveNot(1937).AspokesmanfortheLostGenerationTheterm“lostgeneration”wascoinedbyGertrudeStein,alostgenerationwriterherself,afterWorldWarI.ItwasbetweenthefirstandsecondWorldWars.SpeakingtoErnestHemingway,shesaid,youareallalostgeneration.TheLostGenerationisatermusedtodescribeagroupofAmericanwriterswhowererebellingagainstwhatAmericahadbecomebythe1900’s.SeekingthebohemianlifestyleandrejectingthevaluesofAmericanmaterialism,anumberofintellectuals,poets,artistsandwritersfledtoFranceinthepostWorldWarIyears.Pariswasthecenterofitall.Fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.Hemingway’sHeroesHemingway’sfictionusuallyfocusesonpeoplelivingessential,dangerouslives—soldiers,fishermen,athletes,bullfighters—whomeetthepainanddifficultyoftheirexistencewithstoiccourage.Thephrase,HemingwaycodeherooriginatedwithscholarPhilipYoung.HeusesittodescribeaHemingwaycharacterwholivescorrectly,followingcertainprinciplesofhonor,courage,andendurancewhichinalifeoftensionandpainmakeamanaman.TheHemingwayCodeHero硬汉形象TheHemingwayCodeHero硬汉形象ThroughoutmanyofHemingway’snovelsthecodeheroactsinamannerwhichallowedthecritictoformulateaparticularcode.-hedoesnottalkaboutwhathebelievesin.-Hedoesnottalktoomuch.Heexpresseshimselfnotinwords,butinactions.TheHemingwaymanisnotathinker,heisamanofaction.Buthisactionsarebaseduponaconceptoflife.TheHemingwayCodeHero硬汉形象TheHemingwaycodeheroesarebestrememberedfortheirindestructiblespirit.Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.----FromTheOldManandtheSeaHemingway’sStyledirect,terse,andoftenmonotonousTheuseofshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentenceshasaneffectofclearness,tersenessandgreatcare.“Graceunderpressure”istheirmottoWhateveristheresultis,theyarereadytolivewithgraceunderpressure.Nomatterhowtragictheendingis,theywillneverbedefeated.Finally,theywillprevailbecauseoftheirindes