中国古代四大发明中英文版剖析

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TheFourGreatInventionsofancientChinaPapermakingPrintingGunpowderCompass1、PapermakingWhenthepaperappeared?Whatistobemadeof?FirstpaperappearedatXi'anintheWesternHanDynasty,anditmadebyoakum.In1986,atombinTianshuiofGansuProvinceunearthedapapermap.Accordingtoappraisalofsomeexperts,thispieceofpaperisaplantfiberpaper.最早的纸出现在西汉时期的西安,是用麻絮来制成的。1986年,在甘肃省天水的一座古墓中出土了一幅纸地图。经专家鉴定,认为西汉时期的纸属于植物纤维纸。PapermakingWhenitappearedthattoday'spaperexperience?Whoinventedit?InEasternHanDynasty,CaiLunsummarizedtheexperience,improvedpapermaking,sothispaperisalsoknownasMarquisCai'spaper.如今的造纸经验在什么时候就出现了?由谁发明?东汉末年,蔡伦总结了造纸经验,改进了造纸法,所以这种纸又称为“蔡候纸”。WhatrawmaterialsusedinEasternHanDynastypapermaking?Whatistheprocess?Rawmaterials-bark,hemphead,rags,oldfishingnetsProcess-Pulping,paperfishing,drying东汉时造纸使用什么原料?有什么工序?原料——树皮、麻头、破布、旧鱼网工序——制浆、捞纸、烘干Papermakingpapermakingpropagation4thcenturyAD,introducedtotheKorean,Vietnam.7thcentury,introducedtoJapan,theArabregion.12thcentury,spreadtoEurope,Africa.造纸术对外流传公元4世纪,传入朝鲜、越南。公元7世纪,传入日本、阿拉伯地区。公元12世纪,传入欧洲、非洲。2、PrintingPrintingHowistheprintinggenerated?Theearliestbooksarecopiedbyhand,butthenitisalsotime-consuminganderror-prone.Therefore,printinggenerated.印刷术是怎么样产生的?最早的书籍是用手来抄写的,但是这样既费时费力也容易出错。因此就产生的印刷术。Mostoriginalprinting-rubbingmethod.In4thcenturyAD,peopleputthepaperonthestonerubbing,getsomerubbings.Thismethodisthemostoriginalprintedmethods.最原始的印刷术——拓印方法。公元4世纪,人们把纸放在石碑上拓印,得到一些拓本。这种方法就是最原始的印刷方法。WoodblockprintingSuiandTangdynasties,peopleputwordscarvedonwood,letthewordprotrudinginkpaintedontop,thenspreadontopofpaper,brushit.Thisisthefamouswoodblockprinting.雕版印刷术隋唐时期,人们把字刻在木板上,让字凸出,在上面涂上墨,再把纸铺在上面,刷一刷就可以了。这就是闻名的雕版印刷术。PrintingMovabletype-BiShengInthe11thcentury,theSongDynastypeopleBiShenginventedmovabletype.Thisprintingmethodbotheffortandquicklyfinderrors,whichcanalsobecorrectedpromptly.活字印刷术——毕升公元11世纪,宋代人毕升发明了活字印刷术。这种印刷方法既省力又迅速,发现错误还可以及时改正。LateritwasalsoinventedahigherqualityprintingtechnologyWoodtype-coppertype-typeoflead后来人们还发明印刷质量更高的技术木活字——铜活字——铅活字MovabletypeexternalcommunicationItgraduallyspreadtoKorea,JapanandWesterncountries.活字印刷术对外传播陆续传到朝鲜、日本和西方各国。3、CompassWhatinspiredpeopletomaketheguidetools?Longago,peoplediscoveredthatlodestonecanabsorbtheiron(whichisnowwhatwecallthemagnet).AsearlyastheWarringStatesperiod,ChineseancestorshavemadeSinanbylodestonetoindicatedirection.Thisisthefirstguidetool.人们是受到什么启发才制造了指南工具的?很早以前,人们发现了能吸铁的天然磁石(即现在我们所说的磁铁)。早在战国时期,中国先民已用天然磁石制成指示方向的司南。这就是最早的指南工具。IntheThreeKingdomsperiod,MaJuninventedtheguidecar.SongdynastyscientistShenKuodescribesamethodofmakinguseoftheneedlepointinginitsDreamPoolEssays.Later,itdevelopedintoaneedleandbearingplateintothecompass.InthelateNorthernSongdynasty,thecompasshasbeenusedinnavigation;IntheSouthernSongDynasty,peoplehavebeenusingdialnavigation.Theinventionofthecompass,fortheexchangeofmaritimetrafficandtheeconomicandculturaldevelopment,playedasignificantrole.在三国时,马钧发明了指南车。宋代科学家沈括在其《梦溪笔谈》中记载了制作指向用的磁针的方法。后来,又发展成磁针和方位盘联成一体的罗盘。在北宋后期,指南针已用于航海;南宋时,已使用针盘导航。指南针的发明,对于海上交通的发展和经济文化的交流,起了极大作用。4、GunpowderGunpowderwasinventedinChina,datingbackmorethan1000years.Researchbeganinancientalchemy.Alchemywaspopularforathousandyears,butfinallynothing.However,someofthespecificmethodsusedinalchemystillhasmerit,anditshowstheoriginalformofthechemical,refiningmethodslikegunpowder.Thustheinventionofgunpowderhassomechance.火药是中国人发明的,距今已有1000多年了。火药的研究始于古代炼丹术。炼丹术流行了一千多年,最后还是一无所获。但是,炼丹术所采用的一些具体方法还是有可取之处的,它显示了化学的原始形态,就如火药的炼制方法。因此火药的发明具有一定的偶然性。Gunpowderconsistsofsaltpeter,sulfurandcharcoalpowder,soitisalsocalledblackpowder.火药是用硝石、硫磺和木炭的粉末混合制成的,所以也叫“黑火药”。GunpowderGunpowderapplications:IntheTangDynasty,gunpowderbegantobeusedformilitary.Forexample,peopleoftenusetheRocketinthefireattack.DuringtheSongandYuanDynasty(AD960-AD1368),gunpowderiswidelyusedinthemilitary,therehasbeenalotofgunpowderweapons,suchasrockets,handguns,spears,gunsandsoon.火药的应用:唐朝末年,火药开始用于军事。比如在火攻中常使用“火箭”。宋、元时期(公元960年~公元1368年),军事上广泛应用火药,出现了许多火药武器,主要有火箭、火铳、突火枪、火炮等。ExternalcommunicationofgunpowderInthe13thcentury,gunpowderwaspassedbytheIndianbusinessmanintoArabcountries.TheGreeksknewgunpowderbytranslatingthebooksofArabs.火药的对外传播13世纪火药是由商人经印度传入阿拉伯国家的。希腊人通过翻译阿拉伯人的书籍才知道火药。GunpowderweaponsspreadthroughtheArabcountriesbywar,intheperiodofGenghisKhanwestwardconquest,theMongolarmyusedgunpowderweapons.Inthe1260year,KublaiKhan'sarmywasdefeatedinwarwithSyria,theArabsseizedtheirweaponsandgunpowder,soastoequipthemanufactureanduseofgunpowderweapons.火药武器是通过战争传到阿拉伯国家,成吉思汗西征,蒙古军队使用了火药兵器。公元1260年元世祖的军队在与叙利亚作战中被击溃,阿拉伯人缴获了他们的火药武器,从而掌握火药武器的制造和使用。SomeEuropeancountriesatwarwithArabs,andgraduallymasteredthemanufactureofgunpowderandgunpowderweaponstechnology.欧洲的一些国家也在与阿拉伯人进行的战争中,逐步掌握了制造火药和火药兵器的技术。1、Whatarethefourgreatinventionsofourcountry?Papermaking、Printing、Compass、Gunpowder2、CaiLuninventedpaper,trueorfalse?False,becauseCaiLunjustsummarizedtheexperience,improvedpapermaking.

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