搜索
英国Renaissance：Thetermoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)artsandsciencesafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism(蒙昧主义）.HumanismistheessenceofRenaissance.TherealmainstreamofEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandramawithWilliamShakespearebeingtheleadingdramatist.Humanism:HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldanddealswithheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters.Originally,thetermreferredtoamedievaltaledealingwiththelovesandadventuresofkings,knightsandladies,andincludingunlikelyorsupernaturalhappenings.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightisthebestofmedievalromances.UniversityWits:UniversityWitsreferstoagroupofscholarsduringtheElizabethanAgewhograduatedfromeitherOxfordorCambridge.TheycametoLondonwiththeambitiontobecomeprofessionalwriters.Someofthemlaterbecamefamouspoetsandplaywrights.Theywerecalled“UniversityWits”.ChristopherMarloweisthemostgiftedoftheUniversityWits.MetaphysicalPoetry:Metaphysicalpoetryisaderogatory(贬义的）terminventedbyJohnDrydenandlateradoptedbySamuelJohnsondescribingaschoolofhighlyintellectualpoetrymarkedbybold(大胆的)andingenious(有独创性的）conceits,imagery,complexityofthought,frequentuseofparadox.Themainthemesarelove,death,andreligion.ThechiefrepresentativeofthisschoolwasJohnDonne.CavalierPoets:Thecavaliersareroyalists,whosepoetrywasmarkedbycourtliness,urbanity(雅致，礼貌）,andpolish（优雅）.Theywerelyricalpoets,anddealtchieflywiththethemeofloveandthethemeof“carpediem”(及时行乐）.ThechiefrepresentativeofthisschoolwasBenJonson.Neoclassicism:Arevivalinthe17thand18thcenturiesofclassicalstandardsoforder,balance,andharmonyinliterature,JohnDrydenandAlexanderPopeweremajorexponentsoftheneoclassicalschool.BritishRomanticism:Amovementthatflourishedinliterature,philosophy,music,andartinWesterncultureduringmostofthe19thcentury,beginningasarevoltagainstclassicism.Romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassion,emotion,andnaturalbeauty.TheEnglishRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Characteristics:subjectivism;spontaneity;singularity;worshipofnature;simplicity.Modernism:Itisaninternationalmovementinliteratureandarts,especiallyinliterarycriticism,whichbeganinthelate19thcentury.Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophy(非理性哲学)andthetheoryofpsycho-analysis(精神分析)asitstheoreticalbase.Themodernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivateandsubjunctivethanonthepublicandobjective,mainlyconcernedwiththeinnerofanindividual.Thecharacteristicsofmodernistswritingsareasbelow:complexityandobscurity(晦涩);theuseofsymbols;allusion;irony.Streamofconsciousness:“Stream-of-Consciousness”or“interiormonologue”,isoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.ItwasfirstusedbytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly,particularlythehesitant,misted(模糊的）,distracted（心烦意乱的）andillusory（错觉的）psychologypeoplehadwhentheyfacedreality.ThemodernAmericanwriterWilliamFaulknersuccessfullyadvancedthistechnique.Inhisstories,actionandplotswerelessimportantthanthereactionsandinnermusings（沉思）ofthenarrators.Timesequenceswereoftendislocated.Thereaderfeelshimselftobeaparticipantinthestories,ratherthananobserver.Ahighdegreeofemotioncanbeachievedbythistechnique.BlackHumor:Itismostlyemployedtodescribebaleful(恶意的),naive,orinept(笨拙的)charactersinafantasticorhorriblemodernworldplayingouttheirrolesina“tragicfarce(闹剧)”，inwhichtheeventsareoftensimultaneouscomic,horrifying,andabsurd.JosephHeller’sCatch-22canbetakenasanexampleoftheemploymentofthistechnique.TheTheateroftheAbsurd:Itreferstoakindofdramathatexplainsanexistentialideologyandpresentsaviewoftheabsurdityofthehumanconditionbyabandoningofusualorrationaldevicesandtheuseofnonrealisticform.TheAngryYoungMan:TheAngryYoungMenisajournalisticcatchphrase(标语)appliedtoanumberofBritishplaywrightsandnovelistsfromthemid-1950s.Theirworksmainlyexpressthebitternessofthelowerclassestowardstheestablishedsociopoliticalsystemandhypocrisyofthemiddleandupperclasses.TheplaywrightJohnOsbornewastheexampleoftheseangryyoungmenwithhisplayLookBackinAnger.美国AmericanRomanticism:TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,theboomingeconomy,theflourishingpublicationsandavarietyofforeigninfluencesmadeitsliteraryexpansionpossibleandinevitable.Romanticssharedsomecharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,individualityandintuitiveperception.RomanticvalueswereprominentinAmericanpolitics,art,andphilosophyuntiltheCivilWar.AmericanTranscendentalism:AmericanTranscendentalismismorethananattitudeofTranscendentalists.Totranscendsomethingistoriseabove(克服)it,topassbeyonditslimit