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名词解释1、Alliteration(头韵)Itreferstoarepeatedinitialconsonanttosuccessivewordsanditisthemoststrikingfeatureinitspoeticform.Inalliterativeverse,certainaccentedwordsinalinebeginwiththesameconsonantsound.Itusuallyhaveacaesurainthemiddleandtwostresses(oraccents)ineachhalf.Thenumberofunstressedsyllablesinthetwohalvesmayvary.Yet,thesameconsonantisrepeatedatthebeginningoftheaccentedsyllables,eithertwiceinthefirsthalfoftheverselineandonceinthesecondhalf,orviceversa.Orwecansaytherearegenerally4accentsinaline,threeofwhichshowalliteration,anditistheinitialsoundofthethirdaccentedsyllablethatnormallydeterminersthealliteration.AlliterationmakesAnglo-Saxonpoetryverymusicalinsoundandactsalmostthesamepartthatrhymeplaysinlaterpoetry.Englishpoetstilltodaystilllovetousealliteratione.g.“Trueisthetale(caesura)Itellofmytravels,/Singofmyseafaring(caesura)sorrowsandwoes.2、Blankverse无韵诗，素体诗（不押韵的五音步诗行）:alsocalledunrhymedpoetry,hasbeenthedominantverseformofEnglishdramaandnarrativepoetrysincethemid-sixteenthcentury.In1540,fromItaly,thisverseformwasbroughtintoEnglishliteraturebythepoetHenryHoward(EarlofSurrey),whofirstuseditinhistranslationofTheAeneid.Unrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.ItisaveryflexibleEnglishverseformwhichcanattainrhetoricalgrandeurwhileechoingthenaturalrhythmsofspeech.ItwasfirstusedbyHenryHoward,EarlofSurrey,andsoonbecameapopularformfornarrativeanddramaticpoetry.E.g.ParadiseLostbyMilton3、Comedyofhumours:Thecomedyofhumoursisagenreofdramaticcomedythatfocusesonacharacterorrangeofcharacters,eachofwhomexhibitstwoormoreoverridingtraitsor'humours'thatdominatestheirpersonality,desiresandconduct.theEnglishplaywrightsBenJonsonandGeorgeChapmanpopularizedthegenreintheclosingyearsofthesixteenthcentury.Inthelaterhalfoftheseventeenthcentury,itwascombinedwiththecomedyofmannersinRestorationcomedy.InwhichtheprevailingeccentricitiesandrulingpassionsofcharacterareexposedtoridiculeandsatireE.g.EveryManinHisHumourEveryManoutofHisHumour4、Dramaticmonologue：akindofpoeminwhichasinglefictionalorhistoricalcharacterotherthanthepoetspeakstoasilent‘audience’ofoneormorepersons.Suchpoemsrevealnotthepoet‘sownthoughts;thisdistinguishesadramaticmonologuefromalyric，whiletheimpliedpresenceofanauditordistinguishesitfromasoliloquy.E.g.MyLastDuchessbyBrowning5、Epic(史诗)appearedinthetheAnglo-SaxonPeriodItisanarrativeofheroicaction,oftenwithaprincipalhero,usuallymythicalinitscontent,grandinitsstyle,offeringinspirationandennoblementwithinaparticularcultureornationaltradition.Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofgreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Epicisanextendednarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguage,likeHomer’sIliad&Odyssey.Itusuallycelebratesthefeatsofoneormorelegendaryortraditionalheroes.Theactionissimple,butfullofmagnificence.Today,somelongnarrativeworks,likenovelsthatrevealanage&itspeople,arealsocalledepic.E.g.Beowulf(thepagan异教徒secular(非宗教的)poetry)Iliad《伊利亚特》Odyssey《奥德赛》ParadiseLost《失乐园》TheDivineComedy《神曲》6、GothicNovelstalesofmacabre,fantasticandsupernaturalhappenings,setinhauntedcastles,graveyards,ruinsandwildlandscapesandoftenwithaweakorinnocentheroinegoingthroughsomehorribleexperiences.DerivesitsnamefromsimilaritiestoMedieval(中古的,中世纪)Gothicarchitecture.Athrillerdesignednotonlytoterrifyorfrightentheaudience,buttoconveyasenseofmoralfailureorspiritualdarkness.TheGothicinEnglandbeginswithTheCastleofOtrantoin1760,byHoraceWalpole,whichemphasizedthesupernaturalmixedwiththegrotesqueinamedievalsetting.E.g.AnneRadcliffeinMysteriesofUdolphoFrankenstein(1817)byMaryShelley7、HeroicCouplet(英雄双韵体)HeroiccoupletreferstotherhymedcoupletiniambicpentameterHeroiccoupletsarelinesofiambicpentameterthatrhymeinpairs(aa,bb,cc).TheHeroicCouplet:1)ItmeansapairoflinesofatypeoncecommoninEnglishpoetry,inotherwords,itmeansiambicpentameterrhymedintwolines.2)Therhymeismasculine.3)UseoftheheroiccoupletwasfirstpioneeredbyGeoffreyChaucer.E.g.Cooper'sHillbybyJohnDenham(德纳姆)8、Iambicpentameter:averselinesoffeetoftheiambicrhythmIambic(adjectiveofiambus):ametricalfootconsistingofoneunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedone.(cf.Trochaic/trochee:ametricalfootconsistingofonestressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedone)Pentameter:averselineof5feet.E.g.sonnet18byShakespeare9、Ode：apoemintendedoradaptedtobesungintheancienttime,butarhymedlyricpoemoftenofanaddressinthemoderntimes,withdignifiedandexaltedorsimpleandfamiliarsubjects.alonglyricpoem,seriousanddignifiedinsubject,toneandstyle,sometimeswithanelaboratestanzaicstructure,oftenwrittentocommemorateorcelebrateaneventorindividual.Representativepoets:PercyByssheShelley,JohnKeatsRepresentative：OdetoPsyche,OdetoaNightingale10、Romance:amedievaltalebasedonlegend,chivalricloveandadventures,oraprosenarrativetreatingimaginarycharactersinvolvedheroic,adventurous,ormysteriouseventsremoteintimeandplace.Itbecameapopularformofliterature.Theplotsofromancetendtobecomplex,withuprisingandevenmagicalactionscommon.e.g.TheTempestbyShakespeare11、Sonnet：apoemconsistingof14linesof10syllableseachinEnglish(11syllablesinItalianand12syllablesinFrench)The