新建铁路工程测量规则

新建铁路工程测量规则（试行）铁道第四勘测设计院2004年1本规则（试行）根据院经计处三标及业建项目设计任务通知单三标（2004）71Y04038号项目要求，进行研究和编制。由于现行《新建铁路工程测量规范》和《京沪高速铁路测量暂行规定》在精度要求上有较大差别，至使我院勘测160～250km/h速度目标值范围的项目依据的规范不尽一致。为统一该范围项目的测量方法、精度，需要制订《新建铁路工程测量规则》（试行）。规则（试行）共分六章，主要内容为：总则、术语和符号、控制测量、航空规则（试行）的基本测量精度和选用的测量方法，充分考虑到设计和施工对测量精度的需要，并以《工程测量规范》（GB50026－93）、《全球定位系统（GPS）测量规范》（GB/T18314－2001）、《全球定位系统（GPS）铁路测量规程》（TB10054－97）、《新建铁路工程测量规范》（TB10101—99）、《新建铁路摄影测量规范》（TB10050—97）、《京沪高速铁路测量暂行规定》（铁建设[2003]13号）为依据。2002年以来经调研提出一次布网、GPS测中线、航模测纵、横断面等若干测量新技术，通过检验和试行推广这些新技术是可行的。为了进一步提高勘测质量和工作效率，在规则（试行）中列入这些新技术并附以严格的条件。采用新技术部分要求整体精度不低于现行测量规范、规定，但对个别具体项目测量精度适当放宽。待使用一段时间后再行总结更改。测量规范、规定中施工测量篇幅与勘测设计无直接关系，在本暂行规则中没有转述。但留出了适当接口保证勘测、设计、施工的一致性和对精度的不同要求。条文说明部分只对不易直接理解的新增内容条款进行推论和解释。本规则（试行）仅限院内使用请注意保密。在执行过程中，希望各部门结合工作实践，认真总结经验，积累资料。如发现需要修改和补充之处，请及时将意见和有关资料交技术中心。规则（试行）规则（试行）编写单位：技术中心、线站处、航测处。主要起草人：宋建恩、李学文、王海潮、郭志勇、徐立、刘云东、梁2目1总则························································································32术语和符号···············································································42.1术语···············································································42.2符号···············································································43控制测量····················································································53.1平面控制测量···································································53.2高程控制测量···································································63.3控制测量成果计算及整理94··········································································104.1一般规定········································································104.2航空摄影········································································114.3··································································124.4航测内业测图·································································124.5航测模型测量断面····························································125初测·························································································135.1勘测准备········································································135.2线路测量········································································135.3桥涵测量········································································155.4隧道测量·····································································176定测······················································································186.1勘测准备········································································186.2中线测量········································································186.3·····································································206.4断面测量········································································216.5桥涵测量········································································216.6隧道测量········································································236.7交桩和施工控制·······························································24附录控制点埋石图及标志注字方法··················································25暂行规则用词说明··········································································27条文说明······················································································2831总1.0.1为统一新建铁路工程测量技术要求，保证工程测量质量，依据现行部颁诸测量规范制定本规则（试行）1.0.2本规则（试行）仅限于于我院承担的新建铁道工程测量试用。1.0.3铁路测量平面坐标宜采用1954年北京坐标系。用测区中部子午线作为中央子午线的1°带高斯直角坐标系；桥梁和隧道控制测量，也可采用1.0.4高程系统宜采用1985国家高程基准。当个别地段无1985国家高程基准但有黄海高程的水准点资料时，应在原黄海高程数值上减去0.0286米，换算为1985国家高程基准。其它高程基准不宜使用。1.0.5长大干线接受勘测设计任务后技术主管部门（或授权总体组）应组织对该项目测绘工作进行策划，确定各阶段测绘方法，协调各阶段测量。1.0.6正线100公里以上的铁路测量项目应作总量3%的抽检；100公里以下的铁路测量项目应作总量5%的抽检。1.0.7测量精度应以中误差衡量。极限误差(简称限差)规定为中误差的2倍。1.0.8使用满足本规则（试行）精度指标的高新技术作业方法进行勘测。必须经院技术主管部门批准。1.0.9测量记录、计算成果和图表，应书写清楚，签署完整，并应复核和检算，未经复核和检算的资料严禁使用。提供的各种电子文件，必须附有各种测量原始记录(含磁卡等电子记录)、计算成果和图表应妥善保存。1.0.10铁路测量工作必须认真贯彻安全生产的方针，结合各阶段工作的特1.0.11各种测量仪器和工具应做好保养和维修工作，并定期检校。1.0.12铁路工程测量除应符合本规则（试行）外，尚应符合国家、行业现行有关强制性标准的规定。422.12.1.1一次布网将各阶段控制点一次布设成同一个等级、统一平差的测量控制网。2.1.2插点在高等级测量控制网中插入一个或两个待定控制点。2.1.3插网在高等级测量控制网中插入两个以上的点构成加密控制网。2.1.4摄影比例尺摄影机焦距与相对航高之比值或像片上两点长度与实地长度之比。2.1.5中线控制桩根据纸上定线，把线路主要控制点测设到地面上，这些控制线路走向的控制点为中线控制桩。2.2mβ——w——角度闭合差以秒计f——坐标方位角D——平距X——纵坐标、纬距Y——横坐标、经距Δ——增量n——R——地球平均曲率半径取6371kmYm——测边距中央子午线的平均距离，取位至整公里。Hm——测边到大地水准面平均高程，取位至0.1公里。L——测量线路(导线、GPS、水准等)长度表格中表示中误差、较差、闭合差、限差、精度等量的数值前面都缺省了±号。表示长度的英文字母以公里为单位时大写，以米、厘米或毫米为单位时小写。本规则计算结果凡未特别说明的长度取位至0.001米；角度单位取位至整秒。53控制测3.13.1.1平面控制测量应采用初测、定测一次布网，在航外控阶段完成。平面控制相对闭合精度必须高于±1/20000。平面控制宜在航测阶段采用GPS、导线等方法完成。3.1.2GPS一次布网测量应采用E级网，每3～5公里一对点，点对的两点距离应在600～1500米并相互通视。桥、隧等重点工程独立控制网按设计施工对精度的要求选择相应等级的GPS控制网。各等级GPS控制网布网技术要求如表3.1.2。表3.1.2GPS布网技术要求级别项目ABCDE闭合环或附合路线的边数≤5≤6≤6≤8≤10平均距离(km)3007010～155～100.4～51GPS控制测量内、外业依据《全球定位系统（GPS）铁路测量规程》执行。2GPS控制测量除按《全球定位系统（GPS）铁路测量规程》提供所有成果资料外，在基线向量检核符合要求后，应以一个点的WGS－84系三维坐标作为起算依据，进行GPS网的无约束平差，并提供各点的WGS－84系三维坐标。3GPS与国家控制点联测，点上有钢标时宜采用偏心法观测，并按《全球定位系统（GPS）铁路测量规程》附录K进行归心改正计算。若是简易钢质寻常标可以先放倒标架，观测完后再恢复。3.1.3一次布网导线测量采用一级导线。10公里以内联测困难时宜用GPS加密四等控制点（D级GPS）；条件不具备时也可以加长平均边长，控制6边数n小于15的办法进行10公里以上距离的联测。导线操作按照《新建铁路工程测量规范》3.1.1～3.1.5条执行。各等级导线技术要求如表3.1.3。表3.1.3导线测量的主要技术要求