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路漫漫其修远兮吾将上下而求索走向高考·英语人教版·高考总复习专题突破解题策略(六)必修三第一部分基础知识聚焦写作意图题与观点态度题也是阅读理解中常见的题目，且难度较大，它主要考查考生是否了解文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度，考生是否能在掌握主旨大意的情况下了解作者写作目的是什么。分析掌握作者的写作目的也是准确把握文章主题的功能之一。近几年高考题中这两种类型的题目呈现上升趋势，考生不能忽略它们的比重。阅读理解之写作目的与观点态度题1.写作意图类写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。一般来说，我们可以通过分析文章的文体特点，理解作者的词句选择和识别文章的语气来推断出作者的写作意图。[典例1](2015·浙江高考C)Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars，wewouldgoindarknesshappily，themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal(夜间活动的)speciesonthisplanet.Instead，wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun'slight.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact,eventhoughmostofusdon'tthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetit'stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe'vedonetothenight:We'veengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight.Thebenefitsofthiskindofengineeringcomewithconsequences—calledlightpollution—whoseeffectsscientistsareonlynowbeginningtostudy.Lightpollutionislargelytheresultofbadlightingdesign，whichallowsartificiallighttoshineoutwardandupwardintothesky.Illdesignedlightingwashesoutthedarknessofnightandcompletelychangesthelightlevels—andlightrhythms—towhichmanyformsoflife，includingourselves，haveadapted.Whereverhumanlightspillsintothenaturalworld，someaspectoflifeisaffected.Inmostcitiestheskylooksasthoughithasbeenemptiedofstars，leavingbehindavacanthaze(霾)thatmirrorsourfearofthedark.We'vegrownsousedtothisorangehazethattheoriginalgloryofanunlitnight—darkenoughfortheplanetVenustothrowshadowsonEarth—iswhollybeyondourexperience，beyondmemoryalmost.We'velitupthenightasifitwereanunoccupiedcountry，whennothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Amongmammalsalone，thenumberofnocturnalspeciesisastonishing.Lightisapowerfulbiologicalforce，andonmanyspeciesitactsasamagnet(磁铁)．Theeffectissopowerfulthatscientistsspeakofsongbirdsandseabirdsbeing“captured”bysearchlightsonlandorbythelightfromgasflaresonmarineoilplatforms.Migratingatnight，birdstendtocollidewithbrightlylittallbuildings.Frogslivingnearbrightlylithighwayssuffernocturnallightlevelsthatareasmuchasamilliontimesbrighterthannormal，throwingnearlyeveryaspectoftheirbehavioroutofjoint，includingtheirnighttimebreedingchoruses.Humansarenolesstrappedbylightpollutionthanthefrogs.Likemostothercreatures，wedoneeddarkness.Darknessisasessentialtoourbiologicalwelfare，toourinternalclockwork，aslightitself.Livinginaglareofourownmaking，wehavecutourselvesofffromourevolutionaryandculturalheritage—thelightofthestarsandtherhythmsofdayandnight.Inaveryrealsense，lightpollutioncausesustolosesightofourtrueplaceintheuniverse，toforgetthescaleofourbeing，whichisbestmeasuredagainstthedimensionsofadeepnightwiththeMilkyWay—theedgeofourgalaxy—archingoverhead.52．Thewritermentionsbirdsandfrogsto________.A．provideexamplesofanimalprotectionB．showhowlightpollutionaffectsanimalsC．comparethelivinghabitsofbothspeciesD．explainwhythenumberofcertainspecieshasdeclined[解析]B文章介绍了光污染对于动物和人类的影响，呼吁我们反思我们的行为。根据第二段第一句话“Thebenefitsofthiskindofengineeringcomewithconsequences这项工程带来好处的同时也带来了坏处”和最后一句，“Whereverhumanlightspillsintothenaturalworld,someaspectoflifeisaffected”，此句意为无论光洒在什么地方，生活都会受到一些影响。所以答案是showhowlightpollutionaffectsanimals说明光污染影响动物。[典例2](2015·天津高考D)OncewhenIwasfacingadecisionthatinvolvedhighrisk,Iwenttoafriend.Helookedatmeforamoment,andthenwroteasentencecontainingthebestadviceI'veeverhad:Beboldandbrave—andmighty(强大的)forceswillcometoyouraid....So,alwaystrytolivealittlebitbeyondyourabilities—andyou'llfindyourabilitiesaregreaterthanyoueverdreamed.55．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassage?A．Toencouragepeopletobecourageous.B．Toadvisepeopletobuildupphysicalpower.C．Totellpeoplethewaystoguaranteesuccess.D．Torecommendpeopletodevelopmoreabilities.[解析]A本文是一篇议论文。作者联系自己的经历说明了大胆的重要性，并鼓励人们有勇气和胆量。[典例3](2015·重庆B)InancientEgypt,ashopkeeperdiscoveredthathecouldattractcustomerstohisshopsimplybymakingchangestoitsenvironment.Modernbusinesseshavebeenfollowinghisleadwithmoretactics(策略)．...Whenitcomestothesellingofhouses,businessesalsousehighlyrewardingtactics.Theyfindthatcustomersmakedecisioninthefirstfewsecondsuponwalkinginthedoor,andturnitintoabusinessopportunity.ACaliforniabuilderdesignedthestructureofitshousessmartly.Whenenteringthehouse,thecustomerwouldseethePacificOceanthroughthewindows,andthenthepoolthroughanopenstairwayleadingtothelowerlevel.Theinstantviewofwateronbothlevelshelpedsellthese$10millionhouses.43．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．Toexplainhowbusinessesturnpeopleintotheircustomers.B．Tointroducehowbusinesseshavegrownfromthepast.C．Toreportresearchesoncustomerbehavior.D．Toshowdishonestbusinesspractices.[解析]A本文在解释为什么要把水果放在店里的最显眼的位置，目的是促进后面的商业交易，故选A项。2．观点态度类态度倾向推断题旨在考查考生是否了解作者或文中人物对某人/事物所持的观点或态度，它要求考生具有在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、识别的能力。评述性推断题要求考生对文章所交代的人或事进行评价，此时要注意作者对相关人或事的细节描写。要正确把握文章字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点。另外，要特别留意那些描写环境、气氛的语言以及表达感情、态度或观点的词语。[典例4](2015·湖北卷E)Sciencehasalotofuses.Itcanuncoverlawsofnature,curediseases,makebombs,andhelpbridgestostandup.Indeedscienceissogoodatwhatitdoesthatthere'salwaysatemptation(诱惑)