英语词汇学4

ChapterFourMinorProcessesofWord-formationShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation（缩略法）4.1Clipping(截短法)Theprocessofclippinginvolvesthedeletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun),whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.e.g.plane,phone,gym,taxiFourmaintypesofClipping1.Backclippings（apocope）Thedeletionmayoccurattheendoftheword.e.g.ad.=expo=auto=champ=dorm=homo=lib=memo=exam=advertisementexpositionautomobilechampion,dormitoryhomosexualliberationmemorandumexamination2.Frontclippings(aphaeresis)Thedeletionoccursatthebeginningoftheword:e.g.bus=chute=copter=plane=phone=quake=scope=omnibus,parachute,helicopter,aeroplane/airplane,telephone,earthquaketelescope;microscope;radarscopeetc.3.Frontandbackclipping(notacommontypeofclipping)Thedeletionoccursatbothendsofaword:e.g.flu=fridge=tec=influenza,refrigeratordetective4.Middleclippings(syncope)themiddlepartofthewordiscutoff.eg.bike=bicyclemaths=mathematicscurtsy=courtesyspecs=spectacles5.PhraseclippingsThisinvolvestheshorteningofaphrase:e.g.nylons=non-com=perm=pop=prefab=lube=zoo=Stockingmadefromnylonnoncommissionedofficer;士兵permanentwavepopularmusic,concert,orrecord.PrefabricatedhouselubricatingoilzoologicalgardenClippingsoftenalterspelling:e.g.biz,bike,fridge,pram(perambulator),sarge(sergeant)Someclippedformsarealteredbytheadditionofsuchendingsas-y,-ie,or-o.e.g.comfy,hanky,teeny,telly,ammotaxi,planebus,pram.etc.--fullyacceptedinthestandardlanguagead,dorm,bike,exam,lab,math,etc.--informalsarge,combo,tec,etc--slangycombination社团,小型爵士乐团gymnasiumdormitoryhandkerchiefgasolinekilograminfluenzabusinessparachuterefrigeratortaxicabgymdormhankyGaskiloflubizchutefridgetaxiorcabGiveclippingsforthefollowingwords4.2Acronymy--InitialismsandAcronymsAcronymyisaspecialkindofclipping,bywhichanewwordisformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorscientificterm,etc.Therearetwokindsofwordformedbyacronymy:initialismsandacronyms，whilearedifferentinthattheformerarepronouncedletterbyletterwhilethelatterarepronouncedassinglewords.1.Initialisms（首字母缩略词）Initialismsarepronouncedletterbyletter.e.g.BBC--BritishBroadcastingCorporation/'bi:bi:'si:APC--aspirin,phenacetin乙酰对氨苯乙醚,非那西汀(解热镇痛剂的一种),caffeine咖啡因,usuallyawhitetabletusedforreducingfever,relievingheadache,etc./eipi:'si:/VIP--averyimportantperson/vi:ai'pi:/Themotivationforinitialismiseither“brevityorcatchiness”e.g.BO–-bodyodourVD–venerealdisease4.2Acronymy--InitialismsandAcronymsThreetypesofinitialisms:1)Thelettersrepresentfullwords.Thisisthemaintypee.g.CIA=IOC=ISBN=UN=IDL=CPU=FASf.a.s.=FOBf.o.b.=CIF=GT=CAD=theCentralIntelligenceAgencyoftheU.S.,InternationalOlympicCommittee,InternationalStandardBookNumberUnitedNationsfreealongsideship船边交货(价格)freeonboard(货物)离岸价格grosstonnageInternationalDateLineCentralprocessingunitCostinsuranceandfreight到岸价格computerassisteddesign2)Thelettersrepresentelementsinacompoundorjustpartofaword(Quirketal1972)e.g.ID=TB=TV=Identification(card)tuberculosistelevision3)Aletterrepresentsthecompleteformofthefirst(orthefirsttwo)word,whilethesecondword(orthethirdword)isinfullform:e.g.H-bomb=hydrogenbomb;D-notice=officialrequesttonews-editorsnottopublishitemsonspecifiedsubjects,forreasonsofsecurity;G-man=anagentoftheFederalBureauofInvestigation(AmE)V-JDay=thedayonwhichthefightingwithJapanofficiallyendedintheWorldWarII(Aug.15,1945)orthedaythesurrenderwasformerlysigned(Sept.2,1945)2.Acronyms（首字母拼音词）Acronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc.Acronymsdifferfrominitialisminthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherassequencesofletters;NATO---BASIC/'beisik/--OPEC/'oupek/--SALT/sC:lt/--TEFL/‘tefl/--UNESCO/ju:5neskEJ/--RAM=ROM=SARS=theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationBeginnersAll-purposeSymbolicInstructionCodeOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesstrategicArmsLimitationTalks限制战略武器会谈teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagetheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization.severeacuterespiratorysyndromeread-onlymemoryrandom-accessmemoryWhenacronymsbecomeverycommon,theyareusuallyspelledinsmallletters.laser/5leizE/--radar/5reidE/--scuba/5sku:bE/--lightwaveamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiationradiodetectingandrangingself-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatusCPUDIYCEOITAISOSIDDGMTVIPP.S.a.m.p.m.centralprocessingunitDoityourselfChiefExecutiveOfficerInformationtechnologyartificialintelligenceSaveourshipinternationaldirectdialGreenwichMeanTimeveryimportantpersonpostscriptantemeridiempostmeridiemWriteoutinfullthefollowinginitialismsTofelROMNATOFIFAAidsradarTestofEnglishasaforeignlanguagereadonlymemoryTheNorthAtlanticTreatyorganizationFederationInternationaledeFootballAcquiredImmuneDeficiencysyndromeRadiodetectingandrangingWriteoutinfullthefollowingacronymsVocabularyQuiz1.SARS2.AIDS3.IBM4.ATM5.DJ6.ELT7.FLT8.EFL9.ESL10.TEFL11.TESL12.TESOLSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndromeAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndromeInternationalBusinessMachinesCorporationAutomaticTellerMachineDiscJockeyEnglishLanguageTeachingForeignLanguageTeachingEnglishasaForei