英语词汇学_Unit_04_Word_fromation_2

EnglishLexicologyChapter4Wordformation2ContentsAbbreviation(shortening)ClippingInitialismAcronymBlendingAphesisBack-formationOnomatopoeiaWordsfromProperNamesExercisesClipping(shorteningawordorwordsbyleavingoutlettersorsyllables)apocope(backclipped)dorm(itory),disco(theque),expo(sition),gas(oline),hi(gh)-fi(delity),memo(randum),rep(resentative),aphaeresis(frontclipped)(violon)cello,bus,cab,phone,frontandbackclippedflu,fridgesyncope(middleclipped,contraction)fossil(iz)ation,pacif(ic)istgov't(government),can’tClippingClippinginphrases:daily(paper),finals(finalexaminations)IOU(Ioweyou),ClippinginstyleinformalChangesneededinclippingforthesakeofsoundbike(bicycle),coke(Coca-Cola),Initialism—General(theuseofinitializationinwordswhereeachletterispronounced)CPPCC(theChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConference)D.J.(discjockey)GDP(GrossDomesticProduct)GNP(GrossNationalProduct)CPI(consumerpriceindex)IOC(InternationalOlympicCommittee)BBC,ABC,NBC,CBS,CNN,APc/o=careofP.S.=postscriptRSVP=Repondes’ilvousplaitInitialism—ITAGP←AccelerateGraphicsProcessorAI←ArtificialIntelligenceBBS←BulletinBoardSystemCAD←Computer-AidedDesignCAI←Computer-AssistedInstructionCD←CompactDiskCPU←CentralProcessingUnitDPI←DotsPerInchFTP←FileTransferProtocolHTTP←HypertextTransferProtocolIC←IntegratecircuitIP←InternetProtocolLCD←LiquidCrystalDisplayLED←light-emittingdiodeOS←OperatingSystemPPM←PagesPerMinuteUSB←UniversalSerialBusVGA←VideoGraphicsArrayInitialism—Web-chattingASAPAAMOF(asamatteroffact)BTWBBL(bebacklater)BRB(berightback)CU(seeyou)CUL(seeyoulater)FE(forexample)FTF(facetoface)FYI(foryourinformation)IC(Isee)IMO(inmyopinion)IOW(inotherwords)LOL(laughingoutloudly)OIC(Oh,Isee)TIA(Thanksinadvance)TTUL(Talktoyoulater)TY(Thankyou)VG(verygood)Initialism—CompoundE-school=electronicschool（网络学校）E-tail=electronicretail（电子零售）；H-bomb=hydrogenbomb（氢弹）V-day=victoryday（胜利日）U-boat=underseaboat（潜艇）Acronym(wordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords,pronouncedasaword,notasalistofletters)APEC←Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation（亚太经济合作组织）ASEAN←theAssociationforSouth-EastAsianNations（东南亚国家联盟）NATO←theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization（北大西洋公约组织）UNESCO←theUnitedNationsEducation,ScienceandCultureOrganization（联合国教科文组织）laser←lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation（激光）ROM←readonlymemory（只读内存）Acronym-Intentionalcoincidence近年来，首字母拼音词出现了一个有趣的现象，人们有意或无意地把首字母英语词汇学拼音词拼写成与现存的词相同的样子，并借用其读音。SALT“限制战略武器会谈”(StrategicArmsLimitationTalks)BASICEnglish“英美国际通用科技商业英语”（British-American-Scientific-International-CommercialEnglish）Basic(Beginners’All-purposeSymbolicInstructionCode)（一种计算机代码）CALL(ComputerAssistedLanguageLearning)Blending(makingawordbyputtingtogetherpartsofotherwords)4typesofblendshead+endtelecast(televisionbroadcast)motel(motorhotel),botelhead+headAmerind(AmericanIndian),comsat(communicationsatellite),Interpol(internationalpolice)head+wordparatroop(parachutetroops)heliport(helicopterport)word+headmasscult(massculture)Moreexamples:netizen,brunch,Taikonautemail，sci-fi(orscifi),infortainment，glocalization(全球本土化)Aphesis(词首非重读短元音的脱落)Apheticformsareaspecialkindofshorteningcharacterizedbytheomissionoftheinitialunstressedsyllableasin’scuseme(excuseme)and’cause(because).professorprof’fessorWhenpronouncedcasually,thefirstunstressedsyllablemaybeomitted.AninstanceofclippingAnapheticformAclippingBack-formationBack-formationisthemakingofanewwordfromanolderwordwhichismistakenlythoughttobeitsderivative.Itinvolvestheshorteningofalongerwordbycuttingawayanimagined/supposedderivationalsuffix.editoreditedit+oreditButhowcanIjudgewhichisright?Thewordeditisoftencitedasanexampleofback-formation.Inotherwords,editisnotthesourceofeditor,asdiveisnotthesourceofdiver,whichistheexpectedderivationalpattern;rather,theoppositeisthecase.Editinthesense“toprepareforpublication,”firstrecordedin1793,comesfromeditor,firstrecordedin1712inthesense“onewhoedits.”Diachronicevidence(历时证据):editor:firstrecodedin1712edit:firstrecodedin1793,almostahundredyearslater.Back-formationlogicBack-formationiscreatedbyanalogyaccordingtothefollowingproportion(比例式).writer:write::peddler:?revision:revise::television:?writeistowriteraspeddleistopeddler.reviseistorevisionasteleviseistotelevision.peddleteleviseAffixationBack-formationseeminglysimilar,actuallyoppositeBack-formation—ClassificationRemovingsupposednominalsuffix(n.→v.)SimplenounsuffixCompoundnounsuffixRemovingsupposedadjectivesuffix(adj.→v.)Derivativesuffix-EdParticiplesuffix-IngParticiplesuffixSimplenoun(-or,-er,-ar,-tion,-sion,-ance,-ence,etc)peddler（小贩）→topeddle（叫卖）orator（演说家）→toorate（演说）burglar（盗贼）→toburgle（夜盗）swindler（骗子）→toswindle（诈骗）editor（编辑）→toedit（编辑）sculptor（雕刻家）→tosculpt（雕刻）rover（徘徊者）→torove（徘徊）loafer（游手好闲的人）→toloaf（漂游）helicopter（直升飞机）→tohelicopt（用直升飞机运送）escalator（自动楼梯）→toescalate（逐步上升）elevator（升降机）→toelevate（升高）resurrection→toresurrect（复活）aggression→toaggress（侵略）Simplenounsuffix(-or,-er,-ar,-tion,-sion,-ance,-ence,etc)removeddonation→todonate（捐赠）escalation→toescalate（逐步升级）automation→toaut