搜索
Lecture1The3basicelementsofEnglish:•speechsounds•grammar•vocabulary•Lexicology:abranchofLinguisticswhichstudiestheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.•Tobespecific,theyincludeaspectsliketheformalandsemanticstructure,semanticrelationships,wordformationandusage,thehistoricaldevelopmentandevolutionofwords,etc.Ithassomethingtodowiththefollowingsubjects:•形态学、语体学、词典学、词源学、特定文化背景等。AimsandSignificanceoftheCourse:–Toknowthegeneralrulesofwordformationwhichhelpsusenlargeourvocabulary.•Tofostertheabilitytouse“therightword”.•Asasayinggoes,“Rightwordsinrightplacesmakesagoodwriting”.•Tohaveabetterawarenessoflanguage(English).•Togetadeeperunderstandingofthecultureofforeigncountries.•Tosumup,EnglishLexicologyisatheoretically-orientedcourseaswellasasapracticalone.•Whatisaword?Pleasethinkbyyourselvesandgivethedefinitionofyourown.•Theminimalfreeformofalanguage,whichhasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.WhatDoesVocabularyReferTo?•Thetotalnumberofwordsinalanguage.•InEnglish,therearemorethan____words.A.100,00B.100,000C.onemillionD.onebillionIncluding:Nativevs.AlienClassificationofEnglishwordsBasicWordStock:–A.Allnationalcharacter–Wordsthatarecommonlyused.–B.Stability(relativelyspeaking)–Havebeeninuseforcenturies.Somedisappearedbutmanymorearecreated.•C.Productivity(canformnewwords)•D.Polysemy(variousmeanings,“book”;“man”:tomanadove)•E.Collocability(formidioms,proverbs)Non-basicWords:–Terminology,jargon,slang,dialectalwords,etc.ContentWordsandFunctionalwords•NativewordsandBorrowedwords•Thelattercanbedividedinto4types.Whatarethey?(Homeworkforyourself-study)Lecture2•(1)TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary•About300languagefamiliesexistintheworld,amongwhichtheIndo-Europeaniswidespread,havingmuchinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEnglish.1)OldEnglishvocabulary(450—1150AD)AfterRomans,3GermanictribescalledAngles,SaxonsandJutescontrolledEngland.Theirlanguage—Anglo-Saxonalsodominatedtheland.Commonpractice:combine2nativewordstocreatenewwords.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguagewithabout50000-60000words.Inthe9thcentury,someNorwegiansandDanishinvadedEngland,whichbroughtsomeScandinavianwordssuchas:skirt,window,skill,birth,egg”,etc.2)MiddleEnglish（1150—1500）TheNormansinvadedEnglandfromFrancein1066andmanyFrenchwordsflowedintoEnglish.(state,judge,power,prince,court,crime,peace,battle,etc.)3)ModernEnglish(1500---now)2sub-periodscanbedivided:a.EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1700)BecauseoftheRenaissance,manyLatinandGreekwordsenteredEnglishandEnglishbegantohaveaLatinateflavor.b.LateModernEnglishAfterexperiencingtheIndustrialRevolutionandBourgeoisrevolution,Englandbecameagreateconomicpowerandbegantoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesintheworld.AfterWorldWarII,morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.GeneralCharacteristicsofModernEnglish•1.Receptivity•2.SimplicityofInflection(esp.endings)•3.relativelyfixedword-order•Advantahesanddisadvantagesco-existintermsoflearningEnglish.GrowthofContemporaryEnglishVocabulary3mainsourcesofmodernEnglishvocabulary:1.Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology(moonwalk,smartbomb)2.Social,economicandpoliticalchanges(talkshow,thefourthworld,openuniversity,chairperson)3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages(kungfu)ModesofVocabularyDevelopment1.Creation创新词—mostimportantfruice,sportcast2.Semanticchange（旧词新义）economicwayofcreatingnewwordsweb,break,mouse3.Borrowing4.Revivingarchaicorobsoletewords,butinsignificantespeciallytoAmericanEnglish.(guess,sick,fall)Chapter3•MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWordsMorphemes(词素)•Awordisthesmallestunitofalanguagethatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning.•Structurally,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintoevensmallermeaningfulunits.Morphemes•Let’stakeinternationalizationasanexample,whichcanbebrokendownintointer-,nation,-al,-ize,-ation,eachhavingameaningofitsown.Andthesesegmentscannotbefurtherdivided;otherwise,theycouldnotmakeanysense.MorphemesUndesirability-----un+-desire+-able+-ityImprovement-----im+-prove+-mentUnfaithful--?Definitionofthemorpheme•Themorphemeis“thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords”.(Crystal,1985)Morph语素形式,语子•Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesare“morphs”.(p.44)•Cats,bags,matches:•/s/,/z/,/iz/3morphs•动词be的变化Allomorph:词素变体•Anallomorphisoneoftwoormorecomplementarymorphswhichmanifestamorphemeinitsdifferentphonologicalormorphologicalenvironments.•cats,beds,horses,(-s,-z,-iz)•feet,men;deer,fish•动词过去时态变化–ed,-ied;不规则变化•词缀的变化如：/p,b,m/前的否定前缀：•如im-(否则多为in-)•Typesofmorphemes•1.freemorpheme(thosethataremeaningfulandcanbeusedfreelyandindependentlysuchasearth,wind,boy,bite,etc.)•2.boundmorpheme(粘着词素）•Mainlyinderivativewords•recollection:•Howmanyboundmorphemes?Affixes•Formsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction•Almostallaffixesareboundmorphemes•FewcanbeusedasindependentwordsTwogroupsofaffixes•Inflectionalaffixes（屈折词缀）affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsorcalledinflectionalmorphemesModernEnglishisananalyticallanguageandonlyhasafewinflectionalaffixes.-s,-ed,-ing-er/estDerivationalAffixes(派生词缀)affixesaddedtoothermorphe