Ica2012905812油轮原油洗舱技术研究ResearchontheTechnologyofTankerCrudeOilWashing【摘要】目前,我国的原油量增长的速率保持在10%左右,越来越多的国外VLCC和ULCC需要频繁停靠我国港口。这自然对我国的海洋环境构成一定的威胁,原油洗舱技术就突出了其优越性。本文结合航运实际需要,阐述对原油洗舱技术的发展趋势,旨在指出问题,期待有关人士研究其解决办法,争取服务我们的航海遵旨——航行更安全,海洋更清洁。【关键字】海洋环境原油洗舱AbstractCurrently,thegrowthrateofoilmaintainsat10%,increasingnumberofVLCCandULCCneedstodockintheportofChinafrequently.Whichcouldposesomewhatofathreattothemarineenvironmentinourcountryandhaveprovedtheadvantagesofcrudeoilwashing.Inthisthesis,accordingtotheactualneedsofshipping.,wehaveexpoundsthedevelopmenttrendsofcrudeoilwashingaimedatpointouttheproblemsandhopesomerelevantpeoplecancomeupwithsomemethodstosolvetheproblems.Andfulfillourmissionofshipping-safeshippingincleanmarineenvironment.Keywords:Marineenvironment;Crudeoilwashing1.引言地球的海洋面积为3600万平方米,占全球总面积的71%,海洋在人类社会发展中占有非常重要的地位。随着社会经济的发展,航运事业也越发兴隆,我国贸易量的质量比率中90%的运输由航运完成,占贸易额的77%。同时油轮大型化和全球防污意识的增强,以及载重量为56万吨的大型油轮出现,洗舱成为一个重要的关注点。1.Introduction36,000,000squaremetersoftheearthisoceanwhichmeansitoccupies71%oftheearth.Theoceansplaysaveryimportantroleinthedevelopmentofhumansociety.Withthedevelopmentofsocialeconomyandtheboomingofshippingbusiness,90%ofthetransportationintradewasfinishedbyshipping,with77%oftrade.Thetankwashinghasbecomeafocusasshiplarge-sized,anti-foulingawarenessincreasedand560,000tonloadhugetankersinvented.2.原油洗舱的概念及优点原油洗舱就是用所载货油中的一部分原油在高压下通过洗舱机喷射到货舱内,借以把附着在货舱的垂直舱壁、水平梁以及沉积在舱底上的原油油渣清洗掉,并依靠原油本身所具有的溶解作用,使油渣溶解在原油中,然后通过货油泵将这些油渣连同原油一起卸到岸上油库。2.ThedefinitionandadvantageofcrudeoilwashingCrudeoilwashingmeansusetankwashingmachinetosprayintoholdswithpartoftheoilfromcargo,cleantheoilsludgeinverticalholds,horizontalbeamsandbilge,dissolvedtheoilsludgeinthecrudeoilwiththedissolutionofcrudeoilitselfandcarrytheoilsludgealongwiththecrudeoiltotheoilstocks.原油洗舱在防止海洋油污染及营运经济性方面与以往其他洗舱方式相比有许多优点,主要体现在以下几个方面:(1)卸油效果。油洗的最大特点就是它溶解了货舱内的沉渣,几乎可以全部同货油一起卸掉,从而增加了卸油量和载货容积;(2)防止海洋油污染的效果,如果没有泄露,对环境的污染可以忽略;(3)防止油舱腐蚀;(4)缩短了进厂、进坞修理前的洗舱时间。例如一艘载重量为25万吨级的超大油轮,如果进坞修理前用水清洗,需要几周时间,而且要动用大量的劳动力和支付各种费用,而采用原油洗舱,只要几天时间就可以完成卸油和洗舱作业,并且对环境造成的危害也降低到最小。3.原油洗舱存在的问题Comparedwithothertankwashingmethodscrudeoilwashinghavemanyadvantagesinoiloceanicpolluteandeconomicshipping,theadvantagesareasfollowing:(1)oilunloadingeffectThebiggestmarksofoilwashingisitcandissolvetheoilsludgeinholds,merelyunloadingalloil,whichincreasedtheoilunloadingquantityandcapacityofcargo.(2)Preventtheoceanfromoilpollutionthepollutioncanbeignoreifthereisnooilslick.(3)Preventtheoiltankfromcorrosion(4)Itcanreducesthetimetosendtheshiptoshopordockforrepair.Eg,Fora250,000tonhugetanker,ittakesweekstowashbeforerepairindock.Besides,largenumbersoflaborsandmoneyareneeded.However,thecrudeoilwashingonlytakesfewdaystocompletetheoilunloadingandtankerwashing,besides,theenvironmentpollutionisverysmallandcanbeignored.监管是保证生产过程可靠、正确有效进行的有效措施,监管体系的完整程度直接影响着相关劳动的成果。但是在原油洗舱方面,相关的体系却显示出相当的不完整性。在目前社会发展状态下,人员的责任心和素质还有待提高,尤其在我国,生活水平还比较低下,人员的素质发展受到一定的限制,道德的约束难以保证,而法律法规的强制性决定了其在生产生活中发挥的作用及其重要性。而在原油洗舱方面,相关法律法规少之又少,这在很大一方面限制原油洗舱的有效性和可靠性。Theoversightisaeffectivemeasuretokeepthemanufactureprocessreliableandeffective,thecompletenessofregulatorysystemdirectlyaffectstheresults.However,Incrudeoilwashing,therelevantsystemarequiteincomplete.Inthecurrentdevelopmentofthesociety,theresponsibilityandqualityofpeoplestillneedtobeimproved.Especiallyinchina,Peoplelivingstandardsisquitelow,thedevelopmentofpeople’squalityarelimited,thustheethicalrestrictionsdoesnotworkwell,sothelawandregulationarebecomeveryimportantinproductivelifebuttherelevantonlyalittlelawarerelevanttocrudeoilwashingwhichlimitedtheeffectivenessandreliabilityofcrudeoilwashing.洗舱系统和设备对于监视系统,控制系统,测试系统等都没有具体的要求,因此目前的相关法规是不全面的。同时由于国情和社会性质的因素,设备在建造和检验过程中也会存在一系列的问题,建造中的减料,检验过程中的蒙混过关依然存在,监管过程中的人员责任心不强等等,都在一定程度上限制了原油洗舱相关设备和系统的发展。因此,加强这方面的监管力度变得尤为重要。另一方面,科技是第一生产力。良好的技术对于安全性,可靠性,有效性,经济性,环保性等等都是大有裨益的,原油洗舱也是如此。Asthetankerwashingsystemandequipmentdoesnothavespecificrequirementofmonitoringsystem,controlsystemandtestsystemtherefore,therelevantlawandregulationarefarfromcomprehensive.Factorslikesnationalconditionandsocialqualities,therearemanyproblemsexistsintheequipmentconstructingandtestingprocesssuchasjerry-riggedinconstructing,muddletopassintestingprocessandpoorresponsibilityetc.Alltheseproblemshaverestrictthedevelopmentoftheequipmentandsystemofcrudeoilwashing.Therefore,Itisvitalimportanttostrengthenthesupervisiononthissides.Ontheotherhand,scienceandtechnologyaretheprimeproductiveforce.goodtechnologyareindispensabletothesecurity,reliability,effectivenessandeconomicsandenvironmentalprotection.Sodoescrudeoilwashing.4.改进方案原油洗舱因为其优越性在目前的大型油轮洗舱中广泛使用,一方面成功的原油洗舱对环境的危害甚小,另一方面原油洗舱的效率和效果基本得到肯定。但是,在目前的发展情况下,原油洗舱依然需要在一些方面有所改进,具体如下:①相关法律法规的完善和细化;②人员培训的过程应该严格控制;③设备的制造、检验、监管应该有有效的控制方法。④在原油洗舱技术方面应该大力保证原油洗舱的可实施性,安全性,可靠性,同时保证原油洗舱的效果。4.ImprovementsCrudeoilwashingarewidespreaduseinhugeoiltankerwashing,ononehand,theenvironmentaldamageofcrudeoilwashingisverysmall.onetheotherhand,theefficiencyandeffectivenessofcrudeoilwashingarepositive.However,improvementsareneededinsomewaysasfollowing:①relevantlawsandregulationsn