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第1页共56页实用英语写作指导第1单元1．1段落段落是构成文章的一组句子。段落必须表达完整的意思：或描写事物（describesomething），或争论某事（argueaboutsomething），或对某事提出疑问（questionsomething），或要求什么（demandsomething），或给事物下定义（definesomething），或驳斥某观点（rejectsomething）。1．2典型段落的构成一个典型的段落通常由三部分组成：（1）主题句（thetopicsentence）；（2）说明或支持主题的推展句（supportingsentences）；（3）结论句（theconcludingsentence）（有些段落没有该部分）。示范段落1-1Weallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabitbecauseitcauseshealthproblems．Doctorssayitcanbeadirectcauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans．Inaddition，itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases．Itisclearlyidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursociety．1．3示范段落分析这是一个典型的段落，可概括提纲如下：主题句：Weallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabit，becauseitcauseshealthproblems．推展句：1．Doctorssayitcanbeadireccauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans．2．Itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases．结论句：Itisclearlyidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursociety．从以上提纲可见，主题句提出了一个问题：Whatkindofhealthproblemsdoescigarettesmokingcause？随后的两个推展句回答了这个问题，结论句总结了推展句并再一次强调主题句。Exercise1-1Directions：Readthefollowingparagraphsandfindoutthetopicsentence，thesupportingdetailsandtheconcludingsentence，ifthereisone．（1）Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore．Aboutathousandspeciesofanimalsareindangerofextinction,，andtherateatwhichtheyarebeingdestroyedhasincreased．Withmammals，forinstance，therateofextinctionisnowaboutonespecieseveryyear；fromA．D．1to1800，theratewasaboutonespecieseveryfiftyyears．Everywhere，menaretryingosolvetheproblemofpreservingwildlifewhilecaringatthesametimefortheworld’sgrowingpopulation．TopicSentence：____________________________________________第2页共56页______________________________________________________________Details：1．______________________________________________________________________________________________________________2．_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ConcludingSentence：______________________________________________________________________________________________________（2）TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlyspeakthesamelanguagebutalsosharealargenumberofsocialcustoms．Forexample，inbothAmericaandEngland，peopleshakehandswhentheymeeteachotherforthefirsttime．Also，mostEnglishmenwillopenadoorforawomanoroffertheirseattoawoman，andsowillmostAmericans．PromptnessisimportantbothinEnglandandinAmerica．Thatis，ifadinnerinvitationisfor7o’clock，thedinnerguesteitherarrivesclosetothattimeorcallsuptoexplainhisdelay．TopicSentence：__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Details：1．____________________________________________________________________________________________________________2．_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3．______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ConcludingSentence：______________________________________________________________________________________________________（3）Birdsusemanydifferentmaterialstobuildnests．Somebirdsusebitsofgrass．Thetailor-birdofAfricaandIndiausesgrasstosewleavestogether．Otherbirdsfindtwigsandpebblesuseful．TopicSentence：___________________________________________________________________________________________________________Details：1．___________________________________________________________________________________________________________2．____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3．____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ConcludingSentence：_____________________________________________________________________________________________________第二单元主题句简介2．1主题句作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么，这就是每段的主题句的作用。因此主题句应该阐明段落的主要思想，所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。第3页共56页2．2主题句的形式主题句通常有以下三种形式：1）肯定句（AffirmativeSentence）Example：Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore．2）反诘句（RhetoricalSentence）Example：Howdoyouthinkpeoplewillsolvetheproblemofwildlifeprotection？3）不完整句（Fragments）Example：Andtheworkingman？初学者最好使用肯定句作为主题句。2．3主题句的位置主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况：1）段首（Atthebeginning）主题句经常居于段首，以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落。2）段末（Attheend）用推理方法展开段落时，主题句往往位于句末。3）段中（Inthemiddle）有时为了使段落多样化，主题句也可以居于段中。4）隐含（Implied）有时候，尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时，当所有的细节都围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。Exercise2-1Directions：Readthefollowingparagraphsandidentifythetopicsentence．Ifitisimplied，summarizeityourself．（1）Butnomatterwhatitiscalled，allpolyesterhascertaingoodpoints．Itdoesnotwrinkleeasily．Itdriesquicklyafteritiswashed．Itholdsitsshape．Itisstrongandkeepsitscolorswell．TopicSentence：____________________________________________Position：________________（2）Blackisthecolourofmourning．Redsymbolizesdanger，violence，orbloodshed．Ifyouareafraid，youareyellow．NoneofthesesayingsistrueoutsidetheEnglishspeakingworld