高考英语语法-独立主格结构及其用法

小田@独立主格结构及其用法小田@大家知道，独立主格结构是由两部分构成的词组组成。第一部分一般由名词、名词词组或代词担任，第二部分由动词的非谓语形式(动词不定式、现在分词短语和过去分词短语)、形容词、副词、名词和介词短语担任。这两部分在逻辑意义上有主谓关系，即第一部分是第二部分的逻辑主语。例如：•Thequestionsettled,theywenttohavetheirlunch.•Theweather(being)fine,wedecidedtogoonanouting..•Theteachercamein,bookinhand.•Themanlaythere,hishandstrembling.小田@独立主格结构在句子中可担任不同的句子成分。例如：•Thequestionratherdifficult,wemustspendmoretimeconsideringitcarefully.(表示原因)此句可改写为:Asthequestionisratherdifficult,wemustspendmoretimeconsideringitcarefully.•Weatherpermitting,wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.(表示条件)此句可改写为：Ifweatherpermits,wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.小田@独立主格结构根据其不同词类的搭配可归纳如下：1.名词(或代词)+现在分词短语；在这种结构中，名词(或代词)与现在分词短语之间为主动关系。例如：•ItbeingSunday,theyhadnoclasses.此句可改写为：AsitwasSunday,theyhadnoclasses.•Thebellringing,allthestudentsenteredtheclassroom.此句可改写为：Assoonasthebellrang,allthestudentsenteredtheclassroom.2.名词(或代词)+过去分词短语；在这种结构中，名词(或代词)与过去分词之间为被动关系。例如：•Everythingtakenintoconsideration,heisthemostsuitablepersonforthejob.此句可改写为：Ifeverythingistakenintoconsideration,heisthemostsuitablepersonforthejob.•Herhomeworkdone,Marydecidedtogoshopping.此句可改写为：Asherhomeworkwasdone,Marydecidedtogoshopping.小田@名词(或代词)+动词不定式；在这种结构中，名词(或代词)与动词不定式之间为主动关系，动词不定式表示将来。例如：•Thestudentsweredividedintothreegroups,eachtofinishonethirdofthework.此句可改写为：Thestudentsweredividedintothreegroups,andeach(group)wouldfinishonethirdofthework.•Herearethefirstthreevolumes,thefourthonetocomeoutnextmonth.此句可改写为：Herearethefirstthreevolumes,andthefourthonewillcomeoutnextmonth.•Hesuggestedgoingforapicnic,Marytoprovidethefood.此句可改写为：HesuggestedgoingforapicnicandMarywouldprovidethefood.小田@名词(或代词)+形容词；例如：•Thebabybegantocryagain,hisfaceverypaleandhislipscolorless.此句可改写为：Thebabybegantocryagainwithhisfaceverypaleandhislipscolorless.•Theyweremakingasnowman,handsredwithcold.此句可改写为：Theyweremakingasnowmanwiththeirhandsredwithcold.小田@名词(或代词)+介词短语；例如：•Hewaslyingonthelawn,hishandsunderhishead.此句可改写为：Hewaslyingonthelawnwithhishandsunderhishead.•So,Oliverrosefromthetableandwentuptothemaster,bowlandspooninhand.此可改写为：So,Oliverrosefromthetableandwentuptothemasterwithabowlandaspooninhishand.6.名词(或代词)+副词；例如：•Themeetingover,theywenthomeatonce.此句可改写为：Afterthemeetingwasover,theywenthomeatonce.•Hisheaddown,hewasstandingatthedooroftheclassroom.此句可改写为：Hewasstandingatthedooroftheclassroomwithhisheaddown.小田@名词(或代词)+名词；例如：•Hisfirstattemptfailure,hetriedagain.此句可改写为：Ashisfirstattemptfailed,hetriedagain.•Hefoughtthethreerascalsbravely,astickhisonlyweapon.此句可改写为：Hefoughtthethreerascalsbravelywithastickashisonlyweapon.8.Here(或there)+现在分词短语；例如：•Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.此句可改写为：Astherewasnobus,wehadtowalkhome.•Herecominganotherguest,Ihadtobuyonemorebottleofwine.此句可改写为：Becauseherecameanotherguest,Ihadtobuyonemorebottleofwine.小田@(like,without,等)+宾语(名词或代词)+宾语补足语构成的独立主格结构；在这种结构中，作宾语补足语的主要有现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式、形容词、副词、名词和介词短语等。现在分词表示目前状态(主动)，过去分词表示动作已经完成(被动)，动词不定式则表示动作将要发生。例如：•Hewassotiredthathefellasleepwiththelampburning.•Withyoutoleadtheway,wearesuretogetthereontime.•WithsomanypeoplecommunicatinginEnglisheveryday,itwillbecomemoreandmoreimportanttohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.•Withhishomeworkfinished,hewenttoseeafilm.•Wecouldhardlyseeanythingwiththelightsout.•Twoguardswerestandingatthegate,withagunintheirhands.•Withoutonemorewordspoken,theywentaway.•Theoldmanaddedafewlinesandcoloredtheopenspacelikeachildplayingwithapicturebook.•Theoldmanlivesalonewiththedoghisonlycompanion.小田@注意：⑴从1—8种结构可以看出，这些独立主格结构相当于相应的状语从句或其他结构，只不过这些从句的主语与主句主语不同罢了。如果从句的主语与主句主语一致，则只能变为分词短语；从句为主动语态时，变为现在分词短语；若从句为被动语态时，则变为过去分词短语。试比较：Afterhedidthework,hewenthome.=Havingdonethework,hewenthome.•Aftertheworkwasdone,hewenthome.=Theworkdone,hewenthome.Ifwaterisheated,itwillturnintosteam.=Heated,waterwillturnintosteam.•Assomanypeoplewereabsent,themeetinghadtobeputofftillnextweek.=Somanypeople(being)absent,themeetinghadtobeputofftillnextweek.小田@⑵从第9种结构可以看出，此结构就是介词+复合宾语结构，这种结构在句中可以起到不同的语法功能。例如：•Withtheboyleadingtheway,wehadnodifficultyinfindingMr.Green’shouse.此句相当于Becausetheboyledtheway,wehadnodifficultyinfindingMr.Green’shouse.•WithJimtohelpmewithmyEnglish,Icandobetterinit.此句相当于IfJimhelpsmewithmyEnglish,Icandobetterinit.•Helivesinaroomwithitswindowfacingnorth.此句相当于Helivesinaroomwhosewindowfacesnorth.•Ourschoollooksmorebeautifulwithalltheflowerscomingout.此句相当于Ourschoollooksmorebeautifulwhenalltheflowerscomeout.•Withalltheworkdone,hewentforaholiday.此句相当于Afteralltheworkwasdone,hewentforaholiday.小田@⑶介词with+复合宾语结构有时也可将介词with省去，同时也可省去这种结构中的代词或冠词，这样使句子显得更简练。例如：•Theteacherwentintotheclassroom,withabookinhishand.=Theteacherwentintotheclassroom,bookinhand.•Jimwasstandingthere,motionless,withhiseyesfixeduponDella.=Jimwasstandingthere,motionless,eyesfixeduponDella.•Tomstoodinfrontofhisteacherwithhisheaddown.=Tomstoodinfrontofhisteacher,headdown•Shesatonabenchinthepark,(with)hersonplayingbesideher