第1页共30页1第一部分句子结构小结一、英语语句基本结构分析:(一)主谓宾结构:1、主语:主语是句子表达的主体,即“谁,什么”。可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),数词,动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意可数单数名词不单用)!eg:TheboycomesfromAmerica.Hemadeaspeech.Towandtowisfour.Tobeateacherismydream.Doingaresearchisanecessarystepofcoveringastory.2、谓语:谓语由动词构成,是表达主语做什么或如何的动词。是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。谓语可以是不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,也可以是及物动词(vt)构成主谓宾句。也可以是及物动词构成主谓宾结构。英语中大多数动词兼有及物和不及物的功能,如hope,wish,enter等,但有的动词只作不及物动词如come,go,happen,takeplace等,而有的动词只能作vt,如spend,want等。对于动词的掌握应首先从此入手,从句子中观察,对于重点动词如大纲要求的动词则要要需要查词典找资料弄明白它的详细用法。1)及物还是不及物,2)不及物接哪个介词后可以接逻辑宾语;及物又是如何接宾语的。eg:Heentered.Heenteredtheroom.Hereturned.Hereturnedmybook.注(以下这些词是不及物动词:表发生、出现的,如:takeplace,appear,happen,breakout;表来、去,如:come,go等)3、宾语:(1)宾语位于及物动词之后,是回答动词“谁,什么“的部分,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外,名词,动名词,不定式等可以作宾语。eg:Iwilldoittomorrow.Theboyneedsapen.Ilikeswimming.Iliketoswimthisafternoon.(2)直接宾语和间接宾语:有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,pass递,bring带,show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为:动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。eg:Givemeacupoftea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为:动词+直接宾语+to+间接宾语。eg:ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.Mr.4.宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。(A)名词/代词宾格+名词Thewarmadehimasoldier.战争使他成为一名战士.(B)名词/代词宾格+形容词Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.第2页共30页2(C)名词/代词宾格+介词短语Ioftenfindhimatwork.我经常发现他在工作.(D)名词/代词宾格+副词Whatkepthimabroad.什么使得他呆在国外呢?(E)名词/代词宾格+动词不定式Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows.老师让学生们关上窗户.(F)名词/代词宾格+分词Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.Hismotherkepthimlockedathomeandwentout.及物动词宾语的问题1.特殊的同源宾语现象:live,die,sleep,dream,breathe,smile,laugh,fight,run等如:fightafight,dreamadream,livingahappylifediedasuddendeathlaughafoolishlaugh;smileaforcedsmilebreathedhislast(breath)(前有最高级可以省略。)etc.2.某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语,不能接动名词作宾语.这类动词有:(无需记忆)hopeofferhelpexpectlearndemanddeciderefuseaskprepareplanchoosemanagepretendfailwishagree等.3.某些及物动词后只能跟动名词作宾语,不能跟不定式作宾语.这类动词有(务必想法记住)特殊动词接“动名”,使用它们要记清,“放弃”“享受”可“后悔”,“坚持”“练习”必“完成”,“延期”“避免”非“介意”掌握它们今必行。建议冒险去献身,忍受期待不停顿;放弃延期悔失去,坚持欣赏实践成;注意原谅避反对,考虑要求不自禁;允许习惯不介意,价值开始想动名。如:建议:advise,suggest,冒险:risk,献身:devoteoneselftomindsuggestavoidexcusefinishallowadmitresistmissenjoyconsiderimagineadvisepermitpreventdelayappreciategiveupputofffeellikeconsistoncan’thelpconsider,can’thelp,can’tstandenjoy,excuse,escapepractise,putoffmindrisk,等有些动词须以动名词宾语,它们可用“MP\4R\café\disk”来记,即“宪兵带着4把手枪,在咖啡馆里看光盘”(把字母r想象成手枪)M指mind,miss,mentionWhenImentionplayingfootball,hesayshe'stoobusy.Hejustmissedbeingrunoverbyatruck.P指prevent,permit,postpone,pardon,practiceWedon’tpermitsmokingintheoffice.Practicethrowingtheballintothenet.4R指risk,resist,resent,resume:Informingthetruthrisksdestroyingthepatients’hope.Jillcouldn’tresistmakingjokesabouthisbaldness.第3页共30页3Nursesmaybitterlyresenthavingtotakepartindeceivingpatients.ShermanresumedwalkingtowardFirstAvenue.c指consider,contemplatewe’reconsideringgoingtoUSA.Idon’tcontemplate(预料)himopposingmyplan.a指admit,avoid,appreciate,anticipateHeadmittedhavingdonewrong.Iappreciatehearingfromyouagain.Weanticipatederivingmuchinstructionfromthelecture.f指face,fancy,finishFancyhisbeingsorude!想不到他会如此粗鲁。e指excuse,enjoy,escapeHeescapedbeingpunished.Excusemyinterruptingyou.d指delay,defer,deny,dispute(不同意),detest(痛恨)Shedefers(暂缓)makingadecision.Whyhaveyoudelayedopeningtheschool.Hedenied(否认)knowinganythingaboutit.i指imagine,involveIcan’timaginelivinganywherebutAustralia.ThejobinvolvesmelivinginLondon.s指suggestIsuggestedtakingthechildrentothezoo.k指keepTheinsertskeepreproducingthemselves.4.某些动词后既可以接不定式又可以接动名词,其意义差别不大,可以互换.这类动词有:likelovehatedislikebeginstartcontinue等.有16个动词既可以动名词宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,意思基本不变。因为接动名词、不定式均可,情况又变得简单起来,只需记住一句话就行,即:(口诀三)双方一旦开始(begin,start),无论喜欢(like,prefer)与否(hate,dislike),都得继续(continue)下去。都不能打算(intend,attempt,propose)忽视(neglect)开始(commence)的爱(love)。习惯(beaccustomto)也好,害怕(afraidtodo\ofdoing)也好,难以容忍(can’tbear)也好。I’mafraidtotell\oftellingher.Shecan’tbeartoget\gettinghercoatdirty.Heisaccustomtowork\toworkinghard.第4页共30页45.某些动词如:allowpermitforbidadvisecontinue等后面必须接动名词作宾语,但也可以接不定式的复合宾语.本句为被动语态,后面的非谓语动词为补足语.6.某些动词或词组后接动名词主动形式表被动意义.这类动词有:needwantrequirebeworth等.7.某些动词如:rememberforgetregrettrystop,mean,goon,propose(不:打算,想要;动:建议)接doing和接todo表达不同的意思,要分别牢记.8.下面动词后接doing表达完成的意思.forget,remember;regret;admit9.用于双宾语句型的动词:writebringfetchgivehandleavelendmaketaketellwishpasspaypromisereadsellsendshowsingteach如果谓语动词是下列动词,直接宾语放在宾语之前,应加介词for.buildbuychoosecookcutdodrawfindgetsavemakesingsthto/forsb注意。学会提炼动词接宾语的简单的句型.1.+sb;2+sth;3+sbtodo4+sbsth5+sthforsb6+sthtosb7+thatclause8+wh-clause9+wh-todo10+sb+介11+sb+clause12+sb/sth+n/adj/adv/prep/-ing/ed/(to)do等补语13.+sb/sth+adv.短语动词。动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(PhrasalVerb)。例如:Turnofftheradio.把收音机关上。(turnoff是短语动词)短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:(1)动词+介词常见的有lookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如:Don'tlaughatothers.Ididn'tcareaboutit.(2)动词+副词常见的有giveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,既可放在副词前边,又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则要放在副词前边。如:You'llhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.Pleasedon'tforgettohanditin.(3)动词+副词+介词常见的有lookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto