高中英语语法--定语从句

兰州伟斯（VIS）英语学校VIP内部资料1Mia高中英语语法定语从句一、基本概念定语(形容词性)形容词名词前置定语后置定语名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语先行词被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。有时是短语或者句子。关系词whowhomwhose关系代词thatwhichas关系副词whenwherewhy关系词的3个作用：(1)引导定语从句。(2)代替先行词。(3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。五大关系主谓动宾副动介宾偏正(先行词与定从中的某个词之间的关系)Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.Thefilmwhichtheywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.Thereasonwhyhefailedtheexaminationisthathehadnotmadeanypreparationforit.Ilovearoomwhosewindowislarge.ThisismyfriendWangGangaboutwhommyfathertoldmealot.Name:Class:兰州伟斯（VIS）英语学校VIP内部资料2Mia二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整译法上翻译成先行词的定语，“…的…”通常翻译成主句的并列句或状从关系词的使用上做宾语时可省略；可用that；可用who代替whom不可省；不用that；不用who代替whom三、重/难/考点（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1．当先行词是anything,everything,nothing,something,few,all,none,little,some等代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时（重点：常考！）(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.(4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.2.当先行词被序数词修饰(1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.4.当先行词被thevery=justthe,theonly,thelast修饰时（重点：常考！）(1)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy,(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who兰州伟斯（VIS）英语学校VIP内部资料3Mia(3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting/5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6.当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语(1)Thevillageisnolongertheonethatitusedtobe10yearsago.8.当在therebe句型中，通常情况下用that，不用which（二）只能用which的情况：1.在非限制性定语从句中；2.若句中有两个定语从句，前一句用了that,后一句当用which。LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.（三）只能用who的情况：1.在非限制性定语从句中；2.先行词为指人的不定代词one,those,anyone,someone等时，用关系代词whoThosewhodon’tworkhardattheirstudieswon’tpasstheexam.Heisonewhohasstrongwilltodoeverythingtohisbest.（三）关系代词as和which之辨用1．as和which引导限制性定语从句：(1)as引导限制性定语从句，仅限于先行词前面有so,such,thesame,as修饰时，构成thesame/so/such/as…as结构。其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.兰州伟斯（VIS）英语学校VIP内部资料4Miasuch+先行词+as定语从句/such…that结果状语从句(1)HereissuchaheavystoneasIcan'tmove．(2)HereissuchaheavystonethatIcan'tmoveit．thesame…as/thesame…that注意：当先行词由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。(2).as引导非限制性定语从句与which引导限制性定语从句的区别：Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.①as可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.②as有“正如……，正像……”的意思；而which常译为“这一点；这件事”：Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.Sheisverypatient,asisshowninherwork.③which从句的先行词可以是一个名词，as从句的先行词只能是句子：Thebook,whichIboughtyesterday,isveryinteresting.兰州伟斯（VIS）英语学校VIP内部资料5Mia④当从句的谓动为否定或带有复合结构时，一般用which不宜用as。Youpretendedtoknowme,whichIdidn’tunderstand.Headmireseveryoneintheclass,whichIfindquitestrange.⑤as在从句中作主语时，后常接被动语态。beknown,besaid,bereported,beannounced…与之连用的词有know,see,expect,announce,pointout等.记住以下结构：⑥as常用于以下习语：asiswellknownaswasexpectedashasbeensaidbefore；asweallcanseeasmaybeimaginedashasbeenalreadypointedoutas(it)oftenhappensasisoftenthecaseasisknowntoallasismentionedaboveasIremember(四)“介词+关系代词（which/whom）”引导的定从在限定性定从中，①若介词在前，关系代词不能省略②若介词在后，可用that/which（指物），that/whom/who（指人）作介词宾语，且可省略。thatThisistheherowhoweareproudof.whom/thatThisisthepenwhichIwrotetheletterwith./不可拆分的“动介”短语：carefor喜欢；关心sendfor派人去请dealwith处理；对付seeto照管；料理lookfor/after寻找/照顾hearfrom/of收到某人的来信/听说getthrough通过；到达；接通电话兰州伟斯（VIS）英语学校VIP内部资料6Mia(五)oneofthe…+定语从句/the(adj.)oneofthe…+定语从句用was,were填空：(1)Heisoneoftheboyswho______lateforschoolthismorning.(2)Heistheonlyoneoftheboyswho______lateforschoolthismorning.(六)定语从句和其他句型的辨别a.定从与同位从1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系(1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.(2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导，充当成分(1)Thenewshetoldmeistrue.(2)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.(3)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.(4)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.3.同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以(1)Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.同位语(2)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.(3)Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.(4)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.b.并列句/定语从句/独立主格(1)TherearetwoboysinPeter'soffice,bothofwhomarewhite．(2)TherearetwoboysinPeter'soffice,andbothofthemarewhite．(3)TherearetwoboysinPeter’soffice,bothofthemwhite.Therebeingnobuses,wehadtowalkbackhome.(Becausetherewereno兰州伟斯（VIS）英语学校VIP内部资料7Miabuses,…)Iftimepermits,wecandoitbetter.Timepermitting,…Iftimehad