高中英语语法复习之复合句

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高考复合句专项讲解从属连词这种连词是用以引导名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的.由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句。从属连词有哪些大致可分为三大类:1、that(无词义,不做成分)if,whether(表达是否的意义,但不做句子成分)2、连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whoever,whichever(有词义,在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语)3、连接副词:when,where,why,how,howmany,howlong,howfar,however,whenever,wherever(有词义,作从句的状语)1.定语从句一.定义:1.定语从句:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有where,when,why等。关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。3结构:先行词+关系词+从句二.关系代词引导的定语从句A.who指人,在从句中做主语YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.B.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,可省略。Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。C.which指物,做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.D.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?E.whose通常指人,也可指物,做定语Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时,常用限定词名词+ofwhich或ofwhich+限定词名词结构来代替Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导注意:1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that,不可以省略;指物时用which,不能用that,不可以省略;关系代词是所有格时用whoseThemanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.四.限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1.当先行词是some(something除外),anything,everything,nothing,/few,little,/all,none,等代词时,或者是由some,any,every,no,/few,little,/all,much/thevery,theonly,oneof等修饰时ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy,注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用whoAnymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon'tdosuchathing.2.当先行词被序数词修饰或本身是序数词ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰或本身是形容词最高级ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.4.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?5.当先行词既有人,也有物时Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?6.在Therebe句型中7.先行词在主句中做表语,或关系代词在从句中做表语。五.只用which,不用that的情况:①关系代词前有介词,先行词指物时只用which。ThisisthecollegeinwhichIamstudying.②引导非限制性定语从句时只用which。Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.六、As的用法1.as一般放在句首或句中,which置于句中。Asweknow,theearthisround.正如我们所知,地球是圆的。Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.太阳使地球暖起来这对我们人类很重要。2.as可引导非限制性从句,常常有“正如”之意;which可以表示主从句之间的因果关系。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。Hewasalwayslate,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.他经常迟到使他的老师很生气。3.当先行词被as,so,such,thesame修饰时,关系代词常用as。That'sasgoodaplaceasIcanfind.这是我能找到的好地方。I'veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我从未听说过像他讲的这种故事。注意区别:ThisisthesamepenasIusedyesterday.这支钢笔和我昨天用的那支一样。(as表示同样的钢笔)ThisisthesamepenthatIusedyesterday.这就是我昨天用的那支钢笔。(that意为同一支钢笔)whose是一个表示所属关系的词,在定语从句中作定语。ofwhich可以代替whose指物,词序一般是“名词+ofwhich”或“ofwhich+名词”。ofwhom可以代替whose指人,词序是“名词+ofwhom”。Helivesinaroomwhosewindowfacessouth.他住在窗户朝南的房子里。=Helivesinaroomthe_window_of_which(或of_which_the_window)facessouth.七、1.“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时,介词的宾语只能用which或whom。Shestillrememberedthedayonwhichshewontheprize.她仍然记得她获奖的那天。Themanwithwhomsheenteredthehallwasherhusband.和她一起走进大厅的那位男子是她的丈夫。2“名词/不定代词/数词+ofwhich/whom”引导的定语从句。Ireadsomebooks,the_cover_of_whichareold.我读了一些书,它们的封面是旧的。Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,most_of_whomarefrombigcities.我们班上共有40名学生,其中大多数来自大城市。八、关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。1.关系副词when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。Irememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)Ifirstmether.我记得第一次遇见她的那天。2.关系副词where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.北京是我出生的地方。3.关系副词why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?这是他拒绝我们帮助的理由吗?九、where在定语从句中引导的地点模糊化即抽象类先行词1.where定语从句修饰抽象名词pointYoureachapointwheremedicinecan’thelp.你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。Thecrisishasreachedapointwherethereceiverwillhavetobecalledin.危机已达到非把破产管理人叫来不可的地步。Wehavereachedapointwhereachangeisneeded.我们到了必须改一改的地步。注:有时point也可以是具体的地点:LetthepointwhereABcutsCDbecalledE.设AB线与CD线的相交点为E。TheaccidenthappenedatthepointwheretheA15joinstheM1.事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口2、where定语从句修饰抽象名词caseTherearecaseswheretheword“mighty”isusedasanadverb.在一些情况下,mighty一词可用作副词。Today,we’lldiscussanumberofcaseswherebeginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.今天,我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。3、where定语从句修饰抽象名词activityThosesuccessfuldeafdancersthinkthatdancingisanactivitywheresightmattersmorethanhearing.那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为,舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。4、where定语从句修饰抽象名词situationHegotintoasituationwhereitishardtodecidewhatisrightandwrong.他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。Ifyourisksomethingimportant,youcauseittobeinadangeroussituationwhereyoumightloseit.你如果拿重要的东西去冒险,那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。5、where定语从句修饰抽象名词positionIt’sputmeinapositionwhereIcan’taffordtotakethejob.这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。6、where定语从句修饰抽象名词jobShewantsajobwherehermanagementskillscanbeputtogooduse.她想找一份能将她的管理技能派上用场的工作。7、where引导定语从句的某些抽象先行词,这类词常见的还有business,circumstance,state,stage等。2.主语从句1.主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等引导。Thathesuddenlyfellillmadeussurprised.他突然病倒使我们挺吃惊的。2.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别。what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语,而that引导从句,不充当成分。Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.你昨天说的是对的。(what引导主语从句,作said的宾语)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolati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