高中英语语法讲解不定式

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1高中英语语法讲解不定式(TheInfinitive)定义:动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语,但它仍保持动词的特点,既可以有自己的宾语和状语。E.g.Hewantshisstudentstoreadthebookaloud.A.基本形式1不定式的构成(以动词do为例)主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing无完成进行式tohavebeendoing无2不定式的意义不定式的一般式(todo)一般式表示的动作或状态,发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式(tobedone).eg:MywishistobecomeadoctorHeseemedtobetired.Shestoppedtohavearest.Thebuildingtobefinishednextmonthisforourteachers.IamgoingtoBeijing,Ihavesomethingtotaketomyparents,doyouhavesomethingtobetakentoyourparents?不定式的进行式(tobedoing)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时,不定式表示动作正在进行,这时候不定式就要用进行式.eg:Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrossthestreet.Theyseemedtobetalkingaboutsomethingimportant.WhenIwenttohishome,hehappenedtobetravelingaroundtheworld.I’mgladtobeworkingwithyou.不定式的完成式(tohavedone)如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前,就用完成式;若是在此基础上的被动含义,就用完成被动式(tohavebeendone).eg:HeissaidtohavewrittenanovelabouttheLongMarch.Hethoughtitapitynottohaveinvitedus.Theassistantseemedtohavebeenfired.HeissaidtohavebeentaughtFrenchwhenhewasachild.Einsteinissaidtohavebuiltuphistheorywhenhewasinhistwenties.不定式的完成进行式(tohavebeendoing)2如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作,就要用完成进行式.eg:TheyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsinXinjiang.We’rehappytohavebeenworkingwiththeexpertsallthemonth.B.用法:动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。一、不定式做主语:不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。===动名词doing表示习惯的,经常的动作。eg:Tofinishthebuildinginamonthisdifficult.Todosuchthingsisfoolish.Toseeistobelieve.(对等)Tomakeanewdresstakesheralotoftime.注意:1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数2)it形式主语。当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用it做形式主语,而将不定式放到谓语的后面。常用于下列结构中:(1)Itis/was+adj.+(ofsb.)todo…(2)Itis+adj.+(forsb.)+todo…Itiseasy/difficult/hard/foolish/unwise/right/wrong/unnecessary…(3)Itis+a/an+名词+todo...Itisapity/apleasure/apleasantthing/one’sduty/anhonor/ashame/acrime/noeasyjob…todo(4)Ittakes(sb.)sometime/courage/patience…todo…(5)Itrequirescourage/patience/hardwork…todo…*注意:probable和possible均可作表语,但possible可以用不定式作真实主语,而probable不能用不定式作真实主语。Itisprobableforhimtocometothemeeting.(错)Itispossibleforhimtocometothemeeting.Itispossible/probablethathewillcometothemeeting.3)主系表结构Toseeistobelieve.二、不定式做表语主语多用aimdutyhopeideaintentionplanjobsuggestionwishpurposetask等抽象名词或以what引导的名词性从句表示,后面的不定式说明其内容,不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态。eg:Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.Mywishistobeascientist.Themainthingistokeepourroomclean.注意:1不定式tolet,toblame,torent,tohire做表语,主动表被动.Thehouseistolet.32.有do无to,无do有to3.betodo可构成将来时态,表“计划安排,职责意图,警告命令,约定可能性,命中注定”等;be是助动词,无词义,其主语为具体名词(人/事物);tobe可用begoingto或will/shall代替,此时不定式是谓语的一部分,而不是表语.Sheistoreturnnextweek.Nooneistoleavethebuilding.三动词不定式作宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语口诀(接不定式作宾语的动词)想要学习早打算(wantlearnplan)快准备有希望(preparehopewishexpect)同意否供选择(agreeofferchoose)决定了已答应(decidebedeterminedpromise)尽力去着手做(manageundertake)别拒绝别假装(refusepretend)失败不是属于你(fail)e.g.Tomrefusedtolendmehispen.Wehopetogettherebeforedark.Thegirldecidedtodoitherself.*注意:1某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同stopgoonrememberforgetregrettrymeancan’thelpbeusedto2某些及物动词think,believe,consider,feel,find,make等后常用it作形式宾语e.gTechnologymakesitpossibletorealizeourdream.四.动词不定式做定语1.不定式作定语需要后置。2.作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着三种主要的逻辑关系,即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语(逻辑上的主谓关系)或逻辑宾语(逻辑上的动宾关系)或同位关系1)动宾关系:eg:Ihavealotofworktodo.Givemeapieceofpapertowriteon.2)主谓关系:eg:Sheisthebestpersontofinishthework.Womenandchildrenwerethefirsttogetintothelifeboat.3)修饰性关系(同位),不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象,它所修饰的词多为抽象名词。need,time,way,right,chance,courage,reason,wish,movement.eg:Thereisnoneedforhimtocome.Hehasnotimetoreadthebook.Thisistherighttimetostart.Herwishtobeasingernevercametrue.4注意.为动宾关系的不定式,必须是及物动词或不及物动词加介词;如果不定式所修饰的词是way或place,介词可省略。eg:Itisacomfortablesofatositon.Hehasnowaytogo(by).Thisisthebestplacetowork(at)五.宾语补足语eg:Hewantsyoutobehisassistant.Isawhercrossthestreet.[注1]如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词,则作宾补的不定式不可带to,这些动词有see,hear,feel,watch,notice;have,make,let等。eg:Ifeltmybloodruncold.Whatmadeyouthinklikethat?但如果句子是被动语态,则to不可省略。Hewasmadetocleanthewindowsasapunishment.Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.[注2].help后可以直接用带to或不带to的不定式作宾语。Theyhelped(to)carrythefurnitureupstairs.六.不定式做状语不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等,表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。1、表目的e.g.Tolearnaforeignlanguagewell,youmusttryyourbest(主语一致)Hecameheretoattendanimportantmeeting.HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbhim注:表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是,置于句首表示目的的不定式可以是to,inorderto,但却不可以是soasto.Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.Inordertodrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater.Tobeelectedmonitorofourclass,hemadefullpreparestomakeaspeech.*放在句末时,todo表示目的,不可有“,”若用doing表示伴随e.g.Hebowedtoustothankusforhelpinghimfindtheway.Heworkeddayandnight,hopingtofinishtheworkbeforehand.注:1.不定式结构表示目的时,通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(主语一致)e.g.:Heboughtabicycletogototownmorequickly.Hewenthometoseehismother.例外eg:Heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.Theysentamantomendthewindow.2、表结果不定式结构表示结果常见于下列句型1)so…asto…5Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/te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