1习题1.2在封闭端完全真空的情况下,水银柱差250Zmm,求盛水容器液面绝对压强1p和液柱高度1Z。解:由流体静压强分布规律:0ppgh和等压面的关系得:222111pgZpgZ而左端为真空,即2=0p所以:312213.6109.80.056664PapgZ3221113.6109.80.050.68m10009.8gZZg2习题1.3水管上安装一复式水银测压计,如图1.3所示。问1234,,,pppp哪个最大?哪个最小?那些相等?为什么?解:题中,1p最小,2p和3p相等,而4p最大。由流体静压强分布规律及等压面的关系得:0ppgh211()ppgz水水银23pp433()ppgz水水银3习题1.4封闭水箱各测压管的液面高程为:124100,20,60cmcmcm,问3为多少?解:题中,1p最小,2p和3p相等,而4p最大。由流体静压强分布规律及等压面的关系得:0ppgh3113()ppg水3223()ppg水银21pp得:2313()()gg水银水332133313.6109.80.21109.810.1413.6109.81109.8ggmgg水银水水银水4习题1.5管路由不同直径的两管前后相连接所组成,小管直径0.2Adm,大管直径0.4Bdm。水在管中流动时,A点压强270/APkNm,B点压强240/BPkNm,B点流速1/Bums。试判断水在管中流动方向。并计算水流经两断面间的水头损失。解:假设水由A流向B,且为紊流,根据伯努利方程,有:221222AABBAB1ABpupuZZhgggg121流态为紊流:由连续性方程有:AABBuAuA由题:270/APkNm,240/BPkNm,1/Bums,取A点所在面为基准面,有1BZm将上述各值分别代入伯努利方程和连续性方程:2210.44/0.2BBAAuAumsA5习题22()2ABAB1ABABppuuhZZgg33227010401041(01)2.83010009.829.8m5640.13.051020001.3110AAAuDRe5610.21.531020001.3110BBBuDRe为紊流,与假设相符为紊流,也与假设相符所以假设成立,水在管中是从A点流向B点,且两断面间的水头损失为2.83m。6习题1.6水由图中喷嘴流出,管嘴出口75dmm,补考虑损失,其它数据见图,计算H值(以m计),p值(以2/kNm计)。解:由伯努利方程,忽略阻力损失:对0-0面与3-3面,取3-3面中心线为基准面有:2200330322PvPvHHgggg其中:0HH,30H,030PP,00v,得:232vHg对1-1面与2-2面,取2-2面中心线为基准面有:2211221222PvPvHHgggg121HHZ2211221()2gZPPvv7习题对p-p面与3-3面,取3-3面中心线为基准面有:2233322pppPvPvHHgggg式中:30pHH,pPP,30P,2pvv,得:22322vvP由连续性方程有:112233vAvAvA222112233111444dvdvdv带入数据得:120.64vv3216/9vv由静力学定律可得:11222g(0.175)g0.175gPZZPZ水银即:112g0.175gg0.175ZPP水银28.64/vms222331611.79229vvHmgg222222243216()98.061022vvvvPPa8习题1.7油沿管线流动,A断面流速为2/ms,不计损失,求开口C管中的液面高度(其它数据见图)。解:由题,根据连续性方程:AABBuAuA2220.154.5/0.1AABBuAumsA取B点为基准点,由题,满足伯努利方程,忽略阻力损失,有:221222AABBABpupuZZgggg取题1所得油的粘性系数:20.15320000.1AAAuDRe4.50.156.7520000.1BBBuDRe所以均为层流:2AB9习题式中:1.2,0ABZmZm10009.81.514700AApghPa10009.8BBBpghPah4.5/Bums2/Aums代入上式得:22147002224.51.2010009.829.829.8Bhgg1.51.20.201.031.04Bhm所以,液面高度为1.04m。10习题1.8如果管道的长度不变,通过的流量不变,欲使沿程水头损失减少一半,直径需增大百分之几?试分别讨论下列三种情况:(1)管内流动为层流64Re;(2)管内流动为光滑区0.250.3164Re;(3)管内流动为粗糙区0.250.11()Kd;解:由题,要保持流量不变,即:()uAC常数对于改变的前后两种情况,由连续性方程有:21112222uAuduAd=要使水头损失减半,即:122llhh对问(1)将:(a)64Re21112222uAuduAd=和代入式a有:242111411222646412Re2Re2udlludgdgd2421114112212264641222udlluududdgdgd即:11习题421121.189ddd管径增大百分率为:1111.189100%18.9%ddd对问(2)将:0.250.3164Re21112222uAuduAd=和代入式a有:2421110.250.254112220.31640.316412Re2Re2udlludgdgd0.25521512Re2Redd0.25225151122uddudd即:0.255115222dddd19211161.157ddd1111.157100%15.7%ddd管径增大百分率为:12习题对问(3)将:21112222uAuduAd=和0.250.11Kd0.250.252241114112220.1120.1122uudKlKlddgddgd即:0.255215122dddd21211161.141ddd1111.141100%14.1%ddd管径增大百分率为: