搜索
TheSunYat-senMemorialHall(LadiesandGentlemen:OurnextdestinationistheSunYat-senMemorialHall.TheSunYat-senMemorialHall,asitsnamesuggests,isastructurebuiltinhonorofapersonbythenameofSunYat-sen.DoyouknowwhoSunYat-senwas?)SunYat-senwastheforerunnerofChinesebourgeoisdemocraticrevolution.HewasbornonNovember12,1866inafarmer’sfamilyintheCuihengVillageinXiangshanCounty(thepresent-dayZhongshanCity)inGuangdongProvince.Attheageof12,hewenttoHonolulu,wherehiselderbrothersenthimtoamissionaryschool.Later,hecamebacktoHongKongtostudyinacollegeofWesternmedicineand,aftergraduation,practicedmedicineinGuangzhouandMacao.So,eversincehewasachild,hehadbeeninfluencedbytheWesternideasofChristianityanddemocracyandthishadhelpedhimmakehismindtocuretheillsoftheoldfeudalChinaandturnitintoademocraticandstrongnation.Atfirst,hehadillusionsabouttheQinggovernmentandhopedtosavethismoribundregimethroughreforms.But,China’sdefeatsbyforeigninvadersandthecorruptionandincompetenceoftheQinggovernmentintensifiedhispatrioticindignation.HedecidedthattheQingcourtwasrottentothecoreandmustbeoverthrownandreplacedbyademocraticrepublic.So,in1894,togetherwithsome20Chineseshop-keepersandfarm-ownersinHonolulu,heestablishedthefirstChinesebourgeoisrevolutionaryorganization–theSocietyfortheRevivalofChina(theXingZhongHui).Inthefollowingspring,hereturnedtoHongKongandstagedthefirstarmeduprisingagainsttheQingDynastyinGuangzhou;butitendedinfailure.Then,in1905,hewenttoJapan,wherehefoundedChina’sfirstpoliticalpartycalled“ChinaRevolutionaryLeague”(theTongMengHui),whichlaterdevelopedintotheNationalistParty(theGuomindang).Sincethen,hehadmadesuccessiveattemptstotoppletheQingregimeandfinallysucceededintheWuchangUprisingthatbrokeoutinOctober1911.TheQingregimewasoverthrownandhewaselectedtheprovisionalpresidentoftheinterimgovernmentoftheRepublicofChinainNanjing.Thispoliticalpower,however,wassoontakenoverbythewarlords.Thenin1920,SunYat-sencamebacktoGuangzhoutosetupanewgovernmentcalledtheSouthRevolutionaryGovernment.In1921,heproclaimedhisextraordinarypresidencyinGuangzhou.In1925,hediedofillnessinBeijingandwasburiedlaterinNanjing.SunYat-senhaddevotedallhislifetothecauseoftheChinesedemocraticrevolution,andthe1911revolutionheledhadputanendtothefeudalmonarchythathadexistedinChinaforseveralthousandofyears.TocommemoratehisgreatcontributionstotheChineserevolution,peopleofGuangzhouhadthismemorialhallbuiltin1929-1931,attheoriginalsiteoftheformerpresidentialhouseoftheSouthRevolutionaryGovernment,whichwasburneddownin1922byarebelwarlord,ChenJiongmingbyname.TheSunYat-senMemorialHallisanoctagonalpalace-likereinforcedconcretestructure,58metershighwithafloorspaceof12thousandsquaremeters.ItlookslikeatraditionalChinesepalaceinappearancebutwasconstructedwithmodernarchitecturaltechnique.InfrontofthehallstandsabronzestatueofSunYat-sen,whichis5.5metershighandweighs3.9tons.UponthefaçadebelowoneoftheeavesiswrittenSunYat-sen’smotto,meaning“ChinaBelongstothePeople”inEnglish(orliterally“LetPublicSpiritednessRuleundertheSky”).Insidethebuildingisaconferencehallwithaseatingcapacityof3,238people.And,thankstotheingeniousdesigningofthearchitect,theacousticsofthehallareexcellentandthereisnopillartoobstructthespectator’sviewbecausetheeightpillarssustainingthefourlong-spannedsteeltrussessupportingthehugedomedroof,arehiddeninthewalls.Today,theSunYat-senMemorialHallisstilloneofthemainplacesformassmeetingsortheatricalperformancesinGuangzhou.Atthebackofthehall,thereisa2-storiedbuildingoneachside.Inthebackyardareplantedover70speciesoftreesandflowers.Amongthemakapoktreeisalreadyover300yearsoldandthetwomagnoliatreesonbothsidesofthegardenareover70yearsold.ThesetwomagnoliatreesaretheoldestmagnoliatreesinGuangzhouandhavegrownupto90centimetersindiameter,eachgivingashadeofover200squaremeters.ThemagnificentSunYat-senMemorialHallwasdesignedbyayoungChinesearchitect,bythenameofLvYan-zhi,whowasborninTianjin,graduatedfromtheQinghuaUniversityinBeijingandlaterstudiedarchitectureintheCornellUniversityintheUSA.Hediedoflungcancerin1929,attheageof36,beforethehallwascompleted.(Hereweare.ThisistheSunYat-senMemorialHall.We’llstayherefor40minutesandeverybodypleasebebacktothebusbefore11o’clock.Thankyou!)中山纪念堂孙中山先生是中国伟大的资产阶级民主革命的先行者，1866年11月12日出生于广东香山县（即今中山市）翠亨村。他12岁时随兄去美国夏威夷读书，后回香港西医学堂学医，学成后在广州和澳门行医。孙中山童年时期起就受西方民主思想的影响，从小就矢志于把中国建成一个民主、富强的国家。他早期曾对清政府存有幻想，曾向清朝统治者提出革新政治的主张；但帝国主义列强对中国的侵略和清政府的腐败无能使他认识到，要振兴中华就必须推翻满清王朝，建立民国。1894年，孙中山在美国檀香山组建了中国最早的资产阶级革命团体兴中会；次年春天，在广州发动了旨在推翻满清王朝的第一次武装起义，但起义失败了。1905年，他又在日本成立了中国第一个革命政党同盟会（即国民党的前身），致力于推翻清朝的革命斗争，并最终于1911年发动的武昌起义中取得成功，建立了中华民国，孙中山被推选为临时大总统。但是，革命成果不久就被军阀袁世凯窃取；于是，孙中山于1920年回到广州，次年在广州成立了南方革命政府，他出任非常大总统。1925年12月，孙中山先生在北京病逝，葬于南京中山陵。孙中山为中国的民主革命奋斗终生，他所领导的辛亥革命推翻了在中国存在了几千年的封建帝制；广州人民为了纪念他的功绩，在当年南方革命政府总统府所在地建造了这座中山纪念堂。原总统府在1921年被叛变的广东军阀陈炯明烧毁。中山纪念堂于1931年10月建成。它是一座八角形的宫殿式钢筋混凝土建筑；在外形上具有中国传统建筑艺术风格，在结构上则采用了当时最新的建筑技术。纪念堂的主体建筑高58米，建筑面积1.2万平方米。大堂前面竖立着孙中山先生的铜像，高5.5米，总重3.9吨。大堂前面檐下悬挂着孙中山先生的名言：天下为公。大堂里面是一个能容纳3238名观众的大会堂；会堂内看不到一根支撑柱子，整个大屋顶由4个大跨度的大型钢桁架支撑，8根柱子都巧妙地隐藏在墙内。观众坐在大堂内任何一个座位都不会被柱子遮挡视线；而且，堂内没有回音，任何位置都能清晰地听到舞台上的音响。这种结构，充分体现出建筑设计师对声学