高中三年化学方程式归纳

1高中化学方程式汇编﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡无机化学方程式﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡§1◆碱金属元素4Na+O2===2Na2O2Na2O+O2Na2O24Na+2O22Na2O22Na+S===Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2↑Na2O+H2O===2NaOH2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2↑(此反应分两步:Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2；2H2O2===2H2O+O2.)Na2O+CO2===Na2CO32Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2Na2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO2↑Na2CO3+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O+CO2↑2NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2↑4Li+O22Li2O2K+2H2O===2KOH+H2↑NaHCO3+NaOH==Na2CO3+H2ONa2CO3+H2O+CO2=2NaHCO32NaOH+CO2(少量)==Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2（多量）==NaHCO3Na2CO3+Ca(OH)2=CaCO3↓+2NaOH2NaOH+SO2（少量）===Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2（足量）===NaHSO3NaOH+H2S（足量）===NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S（少量）===Na2S+2H2ONaOH+HCl===NaCl+H2OCO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)===CaCO3↓+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2ONa2O+SO3===Na2SO4CaCO3CaO+CO2↑MgCO3MgO+CO2↑2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OMg(OH)2MgO+H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2OCaCO3+H2O+CO2=Ca(HCO3)22NaOH+CuSO4==Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO43NaOH+FeCl3====Fe(OH)3↓+3NaCl2§2卤族元素Cl2+CuCuCl23Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+2Na2NaClCl2+H22HCl3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl5Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClOCl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2OCl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3Ca(ClO)2+H2O+CO2(少量)==CaCO3↓+2HClOCa(ClO)2+2H2O+2CO2(过量)==Ca(HCO3)2+2HClOCa(ClO)2+2HCl==CaCl2+2HClO（强酸制弱酸）2HClO2HCl+O2↑F2+H2===2HF2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2Br2+H2===2HBr(500oC)I2+H22HI2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2HCl+AgNO3===AgCl↓+HNO3Br2+2KI===2KBr+I24HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2OHCl+AgNO3===AgCl↓+HNO3HCl+AgNO3=AgCl↓（白色）+HNO3NaBr+AgNO3=AgBr↓（浅黄色）+NaNO3NaI+AgNO3===AgI↓(黄色)+NaNO32AgBr2Ag＋Br2(AgCl、AgI类似)Na2SO3+H2O+Cl2==Na2SO4+2HClHClO+H2O＋SO2=H2SO4+HCl§3氧族元素H2+SH2S2Na+SNa2SFe+SFeS2Cu+SCu2SS+O2SO23O22O32O33O22H2O22H2O+O2↑H2SH2+S2H2S+SO2==3S↓+2H2O2H2S+O2（少量）2H2O+2SH2S+CuSO4=CuS↓+H2SO4SO2+H2OH2SO33SO2+2NaOH=Na2SO3+H2ONa2SO3+H2O＋SO2=2NaHSO3SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3↓+H2O2SO2+O22SO3Cl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl(Br2、I2类似)SO3+H2O=H2SO42H2S+3O2（足量）2H2O+2SO2(Cl2、Br2、I2、SO2都可氧化)2NaCl+H2SO4(浓)Na2SO4+2HCl2H2SO4(浓)+CuCuSO4+2H2O+SO2↑2H2SO4(浓)+CCO2↑+2H2O+2SO2↑2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO44FeS2+11O22Fe2O3+8SO2Na2SO3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+SO2+H2OFeS+2HCl=H2S↑+FeCl2FeS+H2SO4=H2S↑+FeSO4Na2SO3+H2O+Cl2==Na2SO4+2HClSO2(少量)+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3即:SO2(足量)+NH3+H2O===NH4HSO3§4碳族元素C+O2CO22C+O22CO2CO+O22CO2C+2CuO2Cu+CO2↑3C+2Fe2O34Fe+3CO2↑CO+CuOCu+CO23CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO22NaOH+CO2====Na2CO3+H2O2NaOH+SO2====Na2SO3+H2O2NaOH+SO3====Na2SO4+H2OCa(OH)2+CO2====CaCO3↓+H2OCa(OH)2+SO2====CaSO3↓+H2OCO2+H2O===H2CO3C+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气)C+CO22CO2C+SiO22CO↑+SiSi+O2SiO22F2+Si==SiF4Si+4HF==SiF4↑+2H2↑Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2↑SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2OSiO2+4HF===SiF4+2H2OCaO+SiO2CaSiO3SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO2↑Na2SiO3+2HCl==2NaCl+H2SiO3↓Na2SiO3++H2O+CO2==Na2CO3+H2SiO3↓4§5氮族元素NH3+H2ONH3·H2ONH４＋＋OH－4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2CaCl2+2NH3↑+2H2ON2+3H22NH3N2+3MgMg3N2N2+O22NO2NO+O2==2NO23NO2+H2O==2HNO3+NO4NO+3O2+2H2O==4HNO34NO2+O2+2H2O==4HNO34HNO34NO2↑+O2↑+2H2OCu+4HNO3(浓)==Cu(NO3)2+2NO2↑+2H2O3Cu+8HNO3(稀)===3Cu(NO3)2+2NO↑+4H2OC+4HNO3(浓)==CO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2ONH4ClNH3↑+HCl↑NH3+HCl==NH4Cl(白烟)8HNO3(稀)+3Fe（过量）===3Fe(NO3)2+2NO↑+4H2O4HNO3(稀)+Fe（不足）===Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2ONH4HCO3NH3↑+H2O+CO2↑2NO2N2O4NaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3↑+H2O(NH4)2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3↑+2H2ONH4NO3+NaOHNaNO3+NH3↑+H2O3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl54P+5O2P2O5P2O5+3H2OH3PO4§6几种常见的金属4Al+3O22Al2O32Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+2NaOH+2H2O==2NaAlO2+3H2↑Al2O3+6HCl==2AlCl3+3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH==2NaAlO2+H2OAl(OH)3+3HCl==AlCl3+3H2OAl(OH)3+NaOH==NaAlO2+2H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2O（Fe(OH)3、Cu(OH)2类似）AlCl3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH)3↓+3NH4ClNaAlO2+HCl+H2O=NaCl+Al(OH)3↓52NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO3(若CO2过量呢？)3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl（双水解）AlCl3+3NH3·H2O===Al(OH)3↓+3NH4ClFe+SFeS3Fe+2O2Fe3O43Fe+4H2OFe3O4+4H2↑Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu2FeCl3+Fe===3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版)2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I2↓2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2O2FeCl2+Cl2===2FeCl34Fe(OH)2+2H2O+O2==4Fe(OH)33C+2Fe2O34Fe+3CO2↑Fe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe2O3+3H2SO4===Fe2(SO4)3+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn2Mg+CO22MgO+C2HgO2Hg+O22Ag2O4Ag+O2WO3+3H2W+3H2O2Al2O34Al+3O2↑2NaCl2Na+Cl2↑3NaOH+FeCl3==Fe(OH)3↓+3NaCl§7其他章节CuSO4·5H2OCuSO4+5H2O↑CuSO4+5H2O====CuSO4·5H2OFeCl3+3H2OFe(OH)3(胶体)+3HClCuCl2Cu+Cl2↑2NaCl+2H2OH2+Cl2↑+2NaOHBa(OH)2·8H2O+2NH4Cl==BaCl2+2NH3↑+10H2O(吸热反应)6﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡有机化学方程式﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡1.甲烷与氯气CH4+Cl2CH3Cl+HClCH3Cl+Cl2CH2Cl2+HClCH2Cl2+Cl2CHCl3+HClCHCl3+Cl2CCl4+HCl2.乙烯实验室制法（浓硫酸作催化剂，脱水剂）CH3CH2OHH2O+CH2=CH2↑3.乙烯通入溴水中CH2=CH2+Br2CH2BrCH2Br4．乙烯和HBr的反应CH2=CH2+HBr催化剂CH3CH2Br5.乙烯水化制乙醇CH2=CH2+H2OCH3CH2OH6.制取聚乙烯、聚丙烯nCH2=CH2催化剂nCH3–CH=CH2催化剂CH37.乙炔的制取CaC2+2H2OCa(OH)2+↑8.由乙炔制聚氯乙烯+HClH2C=CHClnH2C=CHCl催化剂9.苯与液溴反应（需铁作催化剂）+Br2+HBr10.苯的硝化反应+HNO3+H2O11.苯与氢气加成生成环己烷+3H2催化剂△CH2－CH2nBrFe浓H2SO455-60℃—NO2催化剂△HC≡CHHC≡CHCH－CH2nClCH－CH2n712.甲苯发生硝化反应+3HONO2浓硫酸△+3H2O13.溴乙烷水解CH3CH2Br+NaOHCH3CH2OH+NaBr14.溴乙烷消去反应CH3CH2Br+NaOHCH2=CH2+NaBr+H2O15.乙醇与钠反应2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑16.乙醇催化氧化2CH3CH2OH+O22CH3CHO+2H2O17．乙醇脱水（分子间、分子内）CH3CH2OHH2O+CH2=CH2↑2CH3CH2OHH2O+CH3CH2OCH2CH318.苯酚与氢氧化钠溶液反应+NaOH+H2O19.苯酚钠溶液中通入二氧化碳+CO2+H2O+NaHCO320.苯酚的定性检验定量测定方法：+3Br2↓+3HBr21.丙醛制1-丙醇CH3CH2CHO+H