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1/14常用化学方程式一、非金属单质（F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si，H）1、氧化性：F2+H2===2HF(阴暗处爆炸)F2+Xe(过量)==XeF22F2(过量)+Xe==XeF4(XeF4是强氧化剂，能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–)nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属)2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2(水是还原剂)2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI===2NaF+I27F2(过量)+I2===2IF7F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF(ClF属于类卤素：ClF+H2O==HF+HClO)3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3(ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3)Cl2+H22HCl(将H2在Cl2点燃；混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl5Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3(在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl)Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2Br=2Cl+Br2Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2Cl2+2I=2Cl+I23Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3–5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓(水溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl2/14Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O22O2+3FeFe3O4O2+K===KO2S+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+ZnZnSS+FeFeS(既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取)S+2CuCu2S(只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)3S+2AlAl2S3(只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)N2+3H22NH3N2+3MgMg3N2N2+3CaCa3N2N2+3BaBa3N2N2+6Na2Na3NN2+6K2K3NN2+6Rb2Rb3NN2+2Al2AlNP4+6H24PH3P+3NaNa3P2P+3ZnZn3P2H2+2Li2LiH2、还原性S+O2SO2S+H2SO4(浓)3SO2↑+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2OS+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O3S+4H++43SO2+4NO↑+2H2ON2+O22NO4P+5O2P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P+3X22PX3（X表示F2，Cl2，Br2）PX3+X2PX5P4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2OC+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl4C+O2(足量)CO22C+O2(少量)2COC+CO22COC+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑(Si+2OH+H2O=+2H2↑)3、歧化反应3/14Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO（加碱或光照促进歧化：(Cl2+H2OH++Cl–+HClO）Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(浓)5KCl+KClO3+3H2O(3Cl2+6OH–5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O)3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O(3S+6OH–2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2(4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaOCaC2+CO↑3C+SiO2SiC+2CO↑二．金属单质（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的还原性2Na+H22NaH4Na+O2==2Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O22Na+O2Na2O22Na+S==Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑4Na+TiCl44NaCl+TiMg+Cl2MgCl2Mg+Br2MgBr22Mg+O22MgOMg+SMgS2Cu+SCu2S(Cu2S只能由单质制备)Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2↑2Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbClMgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO22MgO+C2Mg+SiO22MgO+SiMg+H2S==MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑(Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)2Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3O2===2Al2O3(常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg（铝汞齐）4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr(铝热反应)2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe4/142Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2OAl+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr33Fe+2O2Fe3O42Fe+O22FeO(炼钢过程)Fe+I2FeI2Fe+SFeS(FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2↑Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓三．非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)金属氢化物(NaH)1、还原性:4HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl–+MnO2Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(浓)+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl–+PbO2Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O16H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2(F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)5/142HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2(Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)2S↓+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+===2Cr3++3S↓+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOHH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+++2NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2ONH3+NO2–+H+=N2↑+2H2O4NH3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O(用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2↑(生氢剂)NaH+H2O=Na++OH–+H2↑4NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2↓+2H2↑2、酸性:4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O（可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻）4HF+Si===SiF4+2H2↑2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS↓+H2↑H2S+CuCl2===CuS↓+2HCl(弱酸制强酸的典型反应)H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S↓+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+H2S+HgCl2===HgS↓+2HCl6/14H2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS↓+2HNO3(铅试纸检验空气中H2S)H2S+Pb2+=PbS↓+2H+H2S+2Ag===Ag2S+H2↑(银器在空气中变黑的原因)2NH3(液)+2Na==2NaNH2+H2↑(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3↑)3、NH3的碱性：NH3+HX===NH4X(X：F、Cl、Br、I、S)NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3NH3+H+=NH4+2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯德榜制碱：用于工业制备小苏打，苏打）NH3+H2S==NH4HSNH3+H2S=NH4++HS-4、不稳定性：2HFH2+F22HClH2+Cl22H2O2H2+O22H2O2===2H2O+O2H2SH2+S2NH3N2+3H22HIH2+I2四．非金属氧化物(SO3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、SiO2、P2O3、P2O5、Cl2O、Cl2O3、Cl2O5、Cl2O7、ClO2)1、低价态的还原性：(SO2、CO、NO)2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4（这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应）2SO2+O22SO3SO2+NO2===SO3+NOSO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrBr2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Br–SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HII2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2I–2NO+O2===2N