1高中化学方程式大全一、非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si)1,氧化性:F2+H2===2HF2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2Cl2+H2===2HClCl2+2Na===2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3Cl2+Cu===CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I2Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+SCl2+H2S===2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl2O2+3Fe===Fe3O4S+H2===H2SS+Fe===FeSS+2Cu===Cu2SN2+3H2===2NH3N2+3Mg===Mg3N22.还原性S+O2===SO2S+O2===SO2S+6HNO3(浓)===H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)===3SO2+4NO↑+2H2ON2+O2===2NOC+2Cl2===CCl42C+O2(少量)===2COC+O2(足量)===CO2C+CO2===2COC+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粉)+O2===SiO2Si+C===SiC(金刚砂)3,(碱中)歧化Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO(加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化)Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热,浓)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO↑二,金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)的还原性4Na+O2===2Na2O2Na2O+O2===2Na2O22Na+O2===Na2O22Na+S===Na2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2↑Mg+Cl2===MgCl2Mg+Br2===MgBr22Mg+O2===2MgOMg+S===MgSMg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2↑22Mg+CO2===2MgO+CMg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2↑2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl34Al+3O2===2Al2O3(钝化)4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3Fe+I2===FeI2Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑Fe+S===FeS3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2↑三,非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)1,还原性:4HCl(浓)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)===S+SO2↑+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S+2NO↑+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O2,酸性:4HF+SiO2===SiF4↑+2H2O(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量)H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO33,碱性:NH3+HCl===NH4ClNH3+HNO3===NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO44,不稳定性:2H2O2===2H2O+O2H2S===H2↑+S四,非金属氧化物1,低价态的还原性:2SO2+O2===2SO32SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI2NO+O2===2NO22CO+O2===2CO2CO+H2O===CO2+H2CO+CuO===Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO22,氧化性:3CO2+2Mg===2MgO+C(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O3,与水的作用:SO2+H2O===H2SO3SO3+H2O===H2SO43NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O===2HNO3P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂CO2+H2O===H2CO34,与碱性物质的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3(这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应.先用氨水吸收SO2,再用H2SO4处理:2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2生成的硫酸铵作化肥,SO2循环作原料气)SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4+H2OCO2+2NaOH(过量)===Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH===NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)===CaCO3+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2↑五,金属氧化物1,低价态的还原性:FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2↑+2H2O2,氧化性:Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O3,与水的作用:Na2O+H2O===2NaOH2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2↑4,与酸性物质的作用:Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)===Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物):4Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O)FeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2OFe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O六,含氧酸1,氧化性:2H2SO4(浓)+C===CO2↑+2SO2↑+2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S===3SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化6H2SO4(浓)+2Fe===Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(浓)+Cu===CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBr===SO2↑+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HI===SO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H2↑2H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O4HNO3(浓)+C===CO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2O6HNO3(浓)+S===H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O6HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2O4HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O2,还原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl3,酸性:2HNO3+CaCO3===Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S,HI,HBr,(SO2)等还原性气体)4,不稳定性:2HClO===2HCl+O24HNO3===4NO2+O2+2H2OH2SO3===H2O+SO2H2CO3===H2O+CO2H4SiO4===H2SiO3+H2O七,碱1,低价态的还原性:4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)32NaOH+SO2(少量)===Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2(足量)===NaHSO31,与酸性物质的作用:2NaOH+SiO2===NaSiO3+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3===2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2===NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl===NaCl+H2O5NaOH+H2S(足量)===NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)===Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3===NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4Cl===NaCl+NH3+H2OAl(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解3,不稳定性:Mg(OH)2===MgO+H2O2Al(OH)3===Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3===Fe2O3+3H2OCu(OH)2===CuO+H2O八,盐1,氧化性:2FeCl3+Fe===3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版)2FeCl3+Zn===2FeCl2+ZnCl2FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgCFe2(SO4)3+2Ag===FeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应)Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反应2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgCl22,还原性:2FeCl2+Cl2===2FeCl33Na2S+8HNO3(稀)===6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)===3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO43,与碱性物质的作用:MgCl2+2NH3.H2O===Mg(OH)2+NH4ClAlCl3+3NH3.H2O===Al(OH)3+3NH4ClFeCl3+3NH3.H2O===Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cl4,与酸性物质的作用:Na2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO2↑3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+3CO2↑+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3+3CO2↑+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3CO2↑3NaHCO3+FeCl3===Fe(OH)3+3CO2↑3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O===2Al(OH)3+3H2S↑3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O===4Al(OH)35,不稳定性:Na2S2O3+H2SO4===Na2SO4+S+SO2↑+H2ONH4Cl===NH3+HClNH4HCO3===NH3+H2O+CO2↑2KMnO4===K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑2KClO3===2KCl+3O2↑2Na