材料科学与工程基础1

FundamentalsofmaterialsscienceandengineeringChapter1IntroductiontoMaterialsScienceandEngineeringHaveYouEverWondered?Whatdomaterialsscientistsandengineersstudy?Howsheetsteelcanbeprocessedtoproduceahigh-strength，lightweight，energyabsorbing，malleable（可塑的，可锻的）materialusedinthemanufactureofcarchassis（底盘）?Canwemakeflexibleandlightweightelectroniccircuitsusingplastics?Whatisa“smartmaterial”?outlineWhatisMaterialsScienceandEngineering?ClassificationofMaterialsEnvironmentalandOtherEffectsMaterialsDesignandSelection1-1WhatisMaterialsScienceandEngineering?1.DefinitionMaterialsScienceandEngineering(MSE)isaninterdisciplinaryfieldconcernedwithinventingnewmaterialsandimprovingpreviouslyknownmaterialsbydevelopingadeeperunderstandingofthemicrostructure-composition-synthesis-processingrelationship.▲ThetermCompositionMeansthechemicalmake-upofamaterial▲StructureAdescriptionofthearrangementofatoms,asseenatdifferentlevelsofdetail.▲SynthesisReferstohowmaterialsaremadefromnaturallyoccuringorman-madechemicals.▲ProcessingMeanshowmaterialsareshapedintousefulcomponentstocausechangesinthepropertiesofdifferentmaterials.FigureApplicationofthetetrahedronofmaterialsscienceandengineeringtosheetsteelsforautomotivechassis.Notethatthemicrostructure-synthesisandprocessing-compositionareallinterconnectedandaffecttheperformance-to-costratioComposition;Strength;Weight;Energyabsorptionproperties;Malleability(formability)Strength-to-weightratioisthestrengthofamaterialdividedbyitsdensity;materialswithahighstrength-to-weightratioarestrongbutlightweight.FigureApplicationofthetetrahedronofmaterialsscienceandengineeringtosemiconductingpolymersformicroelectronics.[rəu′bʌst]结实的；耐用的；坚固的Synthesisandprocessing•Howcanpure,homogeneous,andfinepowdersofwell-definedstoichiometrybemade?•Howdowemakelonglengthsofwires?FigureApplicationofthetetrahedronofmaterialsscienceandengineeringtoceramicsuperconductors.Notethatthemicrostructure-synthesisandprocessing-compositionareallinterconnectedandaffecttheperformance-to-costratio•Whatisthecurrentcarryingcapacity?•Whatisthecastofcoolingandfabrication?Microstructure•Whatfeaturesofthestructurelimitthecurrentcarryingcapacity?•Whatisthetextureofthematerial?Composition•YBa2Cu3O7-x•YBa2Ca3Cu4O11•YSr2Ca2Cu3O10PerformanceCastTetrahedronofMSE2.MaterialsScienceTheemphasisisontheunderlyingrelationshipsbetweenthesynthesisandprocessing,structure,andpropertiesofmaterials.3.MaterialsEngineeringThefocusisonhowtotranslateortransformmaterialsintoausefuldeviceorstructure.CompositionSynthesisandprocessingMicrostructureperformance/costApplicationOFTetrahedron:asampleproduct–ceramicsuperconductorsinventedin1986(1)DISCOVERY(2)LIMITATION(3)IMPROVEMENT(4)SOLUTION(5)BRITTLE(6)SOLUTION1-2ClassificationOfMaterialsAccordingtodifferentpropertiesFunctionalClassificationofMaterialsClassificationofMaterialsBasedonStructure(microstructure)ClassificationPropertiesApplicationMetalsgoodelectricalandthermalconductivityautomobileengine(steels,aluminum,relativelyhighstrength,stiffness,aircraft,electricalmagnesium)ductivity,formabilityconductorwireCeramicshighmeltingpoint,strength,hardnesshousecomputerchip(Si,SiO2,Al2O3,capacitors,electricalinsulation,MgO,SiC,Si3N4)sanitaryware,abrasivePolymerselectricalresistivity,thermalinsulation,foodpackaginglowstrengthliquidcrystaldisplays(LCD)Semiconductor(Silicon,GaAs)convertelectricalsignalstolighttransistors,diodeslasers,etcintegratedcircuitsCompositeshighhardness,goodshockresistance,sportsequipment,fiberglasshighstrength-to-weightratioaircraft,matrix1.AccordingtodifferentpropertiesBiomaterials生物功能性(biofunctionability)和生物相容性(biocompatibility)metallic,ceramic,polymermaterialsfingerjointteeth手指关节FigureRepresentativestrengthsofvariouscategoriesofmaterials聚醚酮树脂聚乙烯环氧树脂芳纶纤维聚酰亚胺聚酯纤维，涤纶2.FunctionalClassificationofMaterialsAerospace（航空航天）–lightmaterialsBiomedicalMaterialsElectronicMaterialsEnergyTechnologyandEnvironmentalTechnologyMagneticMaterialsPhotonicorOpticalMaterials(光学材料）SmartMaterialsStructuralMaterialsStructuralSteelAluminumalloysConcreteFiberglassPlastic,WoodSmartmaterialsPZTShape-memoryalloysMRfluidPolymergelsOpticalMaterialsSiO2,GaAsGlasses,Al2O3YAG,ITOFe,Fe-Si,NiZnAndMnZnferrites;Co-Pt-Ta-Crg-Fe2O3UO2,Ni-Cd,ZrO2,LiCoC2,AmorphousSi:HSi,GaAs,Ge,BaTiO3,PZT,YBa2Cu3O7,Al,Cu,W,ConductingpolymerBiomedicalHydroxyapatite羟磷灰石Titaniumalloys,StainlesssteelsShape-memoryalloysPlastics,PZTAerospaceC-Ccomposites,SiO2,Amorphoussilicon,Ai-alloysSuperalloysMagneticMaterialsEnergyTechnology&EnvironmentalElectronicMaterialsFigureFunctionalclassificationofmaterials.Noticethatmetals,plastics,andceramicsoccurindifferentcategories.AlimitednumberofexamplesineachcategoryisprovidedClassificationofFunctionalMaterialsITO:In2O3-SnO2MR:magnetorheologyPZT:leadzicorniumtitanateYAG:yttriumaluminumgarnet(Y3Al5O12)磁流体铟-锡压电陶瓷(锆钛酸铅)(Y3Al5O12)(Y3Al5O12)3.ClassificationofMaterialsBasedonStructure(microstructure)Crystal（晶体）-----thematerial’satomsarearrangedinaperiodicfashion.Amorphous（非晶体）-----thematerial’satomsdonothavealong-rangeorder.Sin