五、形容词和副词一.形容词的比较级和最高级(规则变化)1一般情况加er,esttaller,tallest,cleverer,cleverest2,以e结尾加r,stlarger,largest3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词改y为i,再加er,estbusier,busiesthappier-happiestdrierdriest4,重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写辅音字母,加er,estfatter,fattest,(bighotwetthinfitredsad…)5,a多数双音节和多音节的词词前加more,mostb以ly结尾的词(除early以为)c以-ed/-ing结尾的词morebeautiful,mostbeautifulimportantimportantexcitedexcidedslowlyslowly二几个特殊的形容词和副词•原级比较级最高级good/well----betterbestbad/ill/badly----worseworstmany/much----moremostlittle---lessleast•far---farther,farthest,•furtherfurthestold----older,oldest,•eldereldest1两者比较用比较级2三者(以上)用最高级3adj.最高级前需用the/物主代词/名词所有格4副词的最高级可省去the.注意:作表语的形容词最高级前,如果不是和别人、他物相比,常不加the.WearebusiestonMonday.5比较的对象应该相同.TheclimatehereiswarmerthanthatofShanghai.【要点点拨】一形容词1作定语(前置:adj+名词)(后置n./pron.+adj.)1).多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词(冠词、指示代词、人称代词、数词等)+描绘性形容词(beautiful,interesting…)+大小、长短、高低+形状+年龄、新旧+颜色+国籍、地区、出处+材料性质+用途、类别+名词中心词。acharmingbigroundnewblackFrenchwoodenwritingdesktheman’sfirsttwointerestinglittleredFrenchoilpaintings2)定语后置A)形容词短语作定语alanguagedifficulttomaster,aleaningtowerabout180feethighB)表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive)作定语,定语后置。如achildasleep,thegreatestmanaliveC)修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时Isthereanythinginterestingintoday’snewspaper?D)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。Whatelsedoyouknow?E)enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置,但修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。bigenough/enoughmoney,anearbyhouse2adj.作表语1)系表结构。与系动词be,grow,get,become,feel,appear,prove,seem,look,keep.smell,taste,sound,turn,remain,go,come,stay,stand,run,prove等连用2)表语形容词。常见的有以a-起首的afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive,able,ashamed,absent,以及健康状况/感觉反应的词sorry,glad,well,ill(生病),faint,fond,unable,worth,sure,wrong,mistaken等特点:没有级的变化;用于句型:be+adj.+todo/介词短语/thatclause注意:以a-起首的词(作后置定语/补语)Keepthefishalive修饰以a-开头的形容词,多有特殊的修饰词:quitealone,verymuchalone,wideawake,fast/soundasleep,verymuchafraid3.adj.作状语形容词或形容词短语表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。例如:Afraidoftroubles,hewouldnotaccepttheduty.Hestoodthere,fulloffear.他站在那儿,充满了恐惧。Hereturnedhome,safeandsound.他安然无恙地回到了家。Hewenttobed,coldandhungry.他又冷又饿地去睡觉了。形容词作状语和副词作状语的区别:adj.作状语是补充说明句中主语的状态,相当“主+系+表”句子的省略,该adj.实际上是句中的表语;adv.则是修饰句中动词或整个句子的。Hetoldusthegoodnews,excited.他把那个好消息告诉了我们,他非常兴奋。比较:Hetoldusthegoodnewsexcitedly.他非常兴奋地把那个好消息告诉了我们。4.复合形容词1)形容词+名词+edkind-hearted好心的,fair-haired金发的2)形容词+形容词red-hot炽热的,dark-blue深蓝的3)形容词+现在分词good-looking好看的,easy-going随和的4)副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的,fast-moving快速转动的5)副词+过去分词hard-won得来不易的,newly-made新建的6)名词+形容词life-long终生的,world-famous世界闻名的7)名词+现在分词peace-loving爱好和平的,fun-loving爱开玩笑的8)名词+过去分词snow-covered白雪覆盖的,hand-made手工的9)数词+名词+edfour-storeyed4层楼的,three-legged3条腿的10)数词+名词(名词用单数)ten-year10年的,two-man两人的二:副词1.频度副词如often,always,usually,sometimes,seldom,never,rarely,frequently,occasionally等在be动词、助动词、情态动词后,行为动词前。Weusuallygoshoppingonceaweek.Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers.2。多个副词同时出现的顺序方式副词+地点副词+时间副词小的时间/地点+大的时间/地点1时间副词soon不久,now现在,early,finally,once,recentlythen当时tomorrow在明天yesterday在昨天5频度副词always总是,often经常,frequently频繁地,seldom很少,neverusually通常sometimes有时2地点副词here这里,nearby,outside在外边,upwards,abovethere那里away远离straight径直地upstairs上楼6疑问副词how,where,when,why3方式副词hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,reallysuddenly突然地rapidly迅速地warmly热烈地successfully成功地quickly很快地7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副词almost几乎,nearly,very非常,fairly,quite十分,rather稍微too太pretty相当extremely极端地8关系副词when,where,why三、形容词变为副词的方法1一般在形容词的词尾加-ly可以变成副词。例如:quick—quickly,slow—slowly,loud—loudly,sudden—suddenly等。但是,以下几点值得注意:2一些以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词,要把y改为i再加-ly。例如:happy—happily,angry—angrily,lucky—luckily,heavy—heavily,noisy—noisily等。3有些以-ble或-le结尾的形容词,去掉e加-y。例如:possible—possibly,terrible—terribly,simple-simply等。4少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly。例如:true—truly等。但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly。例如:polite—politely,wide—widely等。5以-l结尾的形容词变为副词时仍然要在词尾加-ly,而不是只加-y。除非是以-ll结尾的才在词尾只加-y。例如:usual—usually,careful—carefully,useful—usefully,full—fully等。四:比较形容词和副词1.形容词+ly,有时会构成意义完全不同的副词hard(困难的)—hardly(几乎不)dead(死的)—deadly(致命的)late(晚的)—lately(最近)fair(公平的)—fairly(相当)2.注意:有ly和没有ly的几组副词,含义不同:例如:l)close接近地,靠近closely仔细地,密切地2)free免费地freely自由地,无拘束地,随便地3)hard努力地hardly几乎不4)late晚,迟lately近来5)most极,非常,最、大多数mostly主要地6)wide广阔地,充分地widely广泛地7)high高highly高度地,非常地8)deep深,迟deeply抽象意义的“深”9)loud出声loudly大声地,高声地(含有喧闹的意思)10)near邻近nearly几乎11)low位置低lowly地位卑微12)dear昂贵地dearly深爱地13)just正好justly公正地3.以-ly结尾的形容词:Lively生动的、lonely孤单的、ugly丑陋的、silly傻的、timely及时的sickly多病的,kindly关怀的likely可能的brotherly(友爱的)motherly慈母般的deadly(致命的)earthly(世俗的)friendly(友好的)leisurely(空闲的)lovely(可爱的)manly(男子气概的)weekly(每周一次的)yearly(每年一次的)daily每天的orderly有序的inaveryfriendlywayasicklychild一个多病的孩子;belikelyofsuccess有可能成功;anuglywound一个丑陋的伤口;afriendlymatch一场友谊赛。五.修饰比较级、最高级的程度词1)even/still/rathermuch/far/alot/agreatdeal+比较级alittle/abit/threetimes/byfarany(用于否定句或疑问句)Weareworkingstillhardernow.现在我们工作更加努力。2).最高级(1)可被序数词以及byfar,nearly,almost,bynomeans,notreally,notquite,nothinglike等词语所修饰。如:Thishatisbyfar/much/nearly/almost/notnearly/bynomeans/notquite/nothinglikethebiggest.Howmuchdidthesecondmostexpensivehatcost?⑵否定+比较级=最高级Hehasneverspentamoreworryingday.3)数词+名词+比较级Heistwoinchestallerthanhisfather.他比他爸爸高两英寸。(或说Heistallerthanhisfatherbytwoi