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动词（时态、语态）I.动词的时态：1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成进行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。4.一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事It’sgoingtoclearup.We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing进行时表示将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.II.动词的被动语态：常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked2一般过去时was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked3一般将来时shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked5现在进行时am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动词的can/must/maybeasked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…Itishopedthat…下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等1.TherewasabigearthquakeinJapan,butluckilymanypeople____.A.saveB.savedC.aresavedD.weresaved2.Annie_____totheparty.Shehadawonderfultimewithus.A.invitesB.isinvitedC.wasinvitedD.hasinvited3.It'scommonknowledgethatblackteainChina______morethan600yearsago.A.isinventedB.wasinventedC.inventsD.invented4.Boysandgirls,don'tforgetyourreport.It_____today.A.can'tfinishB.can'tbefinishedC.shouldfinishD.shouldbefinished5.Inthepastfewyears,thousandsoffilms______allovertheworld.A.haveproducedB.havebeenproducedC.areproducingD.arebeingproduced6.Don'tworry.Yourpackage______hereuntilyoucomeback,soenjoyshoppinghere.A.willkeepB.haskeptC.willbekeptD.hasbeenkept7.Todayalotofinformationcan_______online.A.receiveB.bereceivedC.isreceivedD.receiving8.---It'ssaidthatanairport_______inYangzhou.---It'strue.That'swhatwearegettingexcitedaboutthesedays.A.buildsB.willbuildC.isbuildingD.willbebuilt9.It'sacustominChinatohavesometeaorotherdrinksbeforethemeal_____.A.servesB.servedC.isservedD.willbeserved10.---WhydidTomgotobedsolateyesterday?---Becausehishomework____ontime.A.didn'tfinishB.finishC.wasn'tfinished11.Lotsoffoodandwater______toYa'an,SichuanProvinceimmediately,aftertheearthquakehappened.A.weresentB.aresentC.sendD.sent12.Alotoftrees______onthehillyesterday.A.areplantedB.willbeplantedC.havebeenplantedD.wereplanted13.---AtalkonAmericanculture______intheschoolhallyesterdayafternoon.---It'sapity.Imissedit.A.gaveB.wasgivenC.hasgivenD.isgiven14.---Lookatthesignontheright.---Oh,_____parkinghere.A.doesn'tallowB.isn'tallowedC.didn'tallowedD.wasn'tallowed15.---Cansixteen-year-oldsdrivetheircarstoschool?---No.Theyshouldn't____todrivebecausetheyarenotseriousenough.A.allowB.beallowedC.allowedD.haveallowed16、Hewassurethathe_____hiswalletintheoffice.A.leftB.wouldleaveC.hadleftD.hasleft17.、Whenshe_____atthedoor,mymother_____somewashing.A.knocked…didB.wasknocking…didC.knocked…wasdoingD.knocks…isdoing18、---____youever________Tombefore?----No,I_____himjusttwominutesago.A.Did,know;metB.Have,known;havemetC.Have,known;metD.Did,know;hadmet19、Mr.Smith_____shortstories,buthe____aTVplaythesedays.A.iswriting…iswritingB.iswriting…writesC.writes…iswritingD.writes…writes20、—Howdidtheaccidenthappen?—Youknow,it___difficulttoseetheroadclearlybecauseit____.A.was…wasrainingB.was…hadrainedC.is…israiningD.was…rained