AREYOUREADY?GO!GO!GO!•的Endoplasmicreticulum内质网•Theendoplasmicreticulumisanotherinternalmembranesystemoftheeukaryoticcell.•内质网是真核细胞中另一个内膜系统。•TheERmembranesystemenclosesaspecializedregionreferredtoasthelumen.•内质网膜包围成一专门的区域,这一区域被称为内腔。•BecausethelumenoftheERisseparationfromthecytosolofthecell,theERallowsforseparationoffunctionandseparationofmaterials.•因为内质网的空腔是和细胞质分隔开来的,所以这就使得内质网有着独立的功能和特殊的材料。•Thismembraneisthesiteofbiosynthesisofmanycomponents;inparticular,manymembranecomponentsaresynthesizedontheER,suchasmembraneproteinsandlipids.内质网是细胞许多部件合成的场所,尤其是许多膜组件在内质网上合成,例如膜蛋白和脂肪。•TheERissubdividedintoroughandsmoothER.•内质网可以分为粗面内质网和光面内质网。•Thedesignationarisesfromthemorphologyobservedintheelectronmicroscope.SomepartsoftheERhavebumps,whichgivearoughappearance.Thebumpsararibosomes,whichareproteinmanufacturingcomplexesboundtotheER.•电子显微镜观察发现,内质网的某些部分有突起使得其表面变得粗糙。这些突起其实核糖体,是他将包装好的蛋白质复合体运送到内质网中。•ThesmoothERissimplywheretheribosomesarenotattached.•光面内质网很简单,上面没有核糖体附着。•ThesetworegionsoftheERapparentlycomeinpatches,thus,enablingtheirdistinctionintheelectronmicroscope.•由于这两种内质网膜有着补丁般的区别,所以,能够使他们在电子显微镜下区别开来。•Ribosomesareinvolvedinthesynthesisofmembraneproteinsandproteinstobesecretedbythecellintotheixtracellularmedium.•核糖体参与膜蛋白的合成和被细胞分泌细胞外介质中的胞外蛋白的合成过程。•Themembraneproteinsareinsertedintothemembraneduringorshortlyfterthetimeoftheirsynthesis.•膜蛋白在合成过程中或者被合成之后片刻是嵌入到细胞膜中的。•Comcurrentwiththeirsynthesis,thesecretedproteinsareinjectedintothelumenoftheER.•分泌蛋白在合成的同时是被注入到内质网空腔中的。•Atthispoint,theproteiniseffectivelysecreted.•这样,蛋白质的分泌是很高效的。•ThelumenoftheERisrelatedmorphologicallytotheexteriorofthecell.•内质网的内腔和细胞的表面形态学相关。•UponmovingintothelumenoftheER,aproteintobesecretedcanprogressthroughthismembranesystemandbetransportedtothegolgi.•一个要被分泌到细胞外的蛋白质分子运动到内质网的内腔时要经过内质网的膜系统,然后再被运送的高尔基体内。•Afterthegolgi,thesecretedproteinsadvancetotheplasmamembraneviavesiculartransport.•分泌蛋白经过高尔基体后,通过囊状运输继续前进到血浆。•ThistransportoccursinsuchafashionthattheoriginalcytoplasmicsurfaceoftheERmembranebecomescoincidentwiththecytoplasmicsurfaceoftheplasmamembrane.•这种运输通过这样的方式完成:内置网膜的细胞质表面变得和血浆膜细胞质表面一致。•Bysodoing,thesemembranevesiclesfusewiththeplasmamembtane,andtheinsideofthevesiclebecomescontinuouswiththeoutsideofthecell.•通过这种变化,内质网囊状膜和血浆膜合并,内部的囊状结构和细胞外从而具有连续性。•Theproteinstobesecretedarethustransferredtotheexteriorofthecell.分泌蛋白就是这样被分泌到细胞外面。Vesiclesofcommunication囊泡的信道•Oneofchallengesforcellbiologistsisunderstandthemovementofmaterialthroughoutthecell,consideringthefactthatthetargetsitesforthismovementareallmorphologicallyandfunctionallydifferent.•细胞生物学家的挑战之一就是了解物质移动到细胞内的过程,考虑到这种运动的靶位点在形态与功能上不同的事实.•Whatgovernsthismovementofmaterial?Ifoneconsiderstheproteincompositionofthevariousintracellularmembranes,onefinds,forexample,thatthereislittleincommonbetweentheproteincompositionoftheplasmamembraneandtheproteincompositionofthemitochondria.•那是什么控制这种物质的运动,如果认为是各种胞内膜的蛋白质组分将会发现例如胞浆膜和线粒体膜的蛋白质组成有很多是相似的,•Itisworthwhileheretointroduceoneotherexampleofmembranevesicularmovement,•Receptor-mediatedendocytosis.Forexample,•TheLDLreceptorisonethatoperatesusingreceptor-mediatedendocytosis.•一件很值得做的事就是介绍另一种囊状膜泡运动的例子,受体介导的入胞作用,例如,脂蛋白就是运用受体介导的入胞作用进行工作的单元,•Inthisprocess,thereceptor,whichisaproteinembeddedinthecell’splasmamembrane,firstbindstheLDLparticle.TheLDLparticlethenmovestoaspecializedpatchofplasmamembrane,whichmakesacoatedpit•在这个过程中镶嵌在细胞膜中受体首先与脂蛋白粒子结合,然后脂蛋白粒子再转移到胞浆膜上能够产生有被小泡的特殊小块地方•Theclathrin-coatedvesicleeventuallypinchesoffsothatacoatedvesicleforms.ThiscoatedvesiclethencanmovetotheGolgi,Ordepen-dingonwhatishappening,canmovetothelysosome,•这个笼形蛋白覆盖的小泡最后紧缩形成有被小泡然后这个有被小泡运动到高尔基体或者依据发生的情况运动到溶酶体上•Aninterestingrelatedphenomenonisthatreceptorscanfrequentlyrecycle.•一个有趣的现象那就是受体能够不断地回收利用•thetransferringreceptorisanothersystemthatworksviaarecyclingmechanism.thisreceptor,however,accordingtocurrentmodels,apparentlyemploysanadditionalinterestingtwist.•转运受体是另一个通过再循环机制工作的系统,这个受体,然而,按照当前的模型,很显然是利用另一种有趣的转变.•RecyclingisalsoobservedforthereceptorthatisinvolvedinthedegradationoftheAshwellprotein.Thisisaglycoproteinthatiscycledintothecellviareceptor-mediatedendocytosisfordegradation,releaseoftheglycoproteinbythereceptorallowsthereceptortoberecycledtothecellsurfaceforanotheruptakecycle.•关于与蛋白质降解有关的循环是可以被观察到的,那就是通过受体介导的入胞作用途径使糖蛋白被循环到细胞中用于降解,通过受体的糖蛋白的释放使受体能被反复循环利用到细胞表面从而带动另一个摄取循环。Mitochondrialmermbrane线粒体膜anotherorganelleinthecellisthemitochondrion,whichhastwomermbranes,theouterandtheinnermitochodrialmembrenes,theinnermitochodrialmembranessignificantlydiffersfromothermembranesbecauseofitshighproteincontent.在细胞中的另一种细胞器叫做线粒体,它含有包括内膜和外膜的两层膜结构,由于线粒体内膜含有大量的蛋白质,在很大的程度上不同于其他的膜Forexample,theinnermitochondrialmembraneshasmuchlessliqidthantheplasmamembraneandtheERmembrane.ATPsynthesisisperhapsthemostimportantfunctionofthemitochondria.thepathwayofATPsynthesisinvolvesanintricatesetofenzymeslocatedintheinnermitochonrialmembrane例如,线粒体内膜含有比内质网和细胞膜更少的油脂,ATP的合成是线粒体的一个重要的功能,在线粒体内膜中含有ATP合成的一系列复杂的酶,Thispathwayisgoodexampleoftheearlierobservationthatsomecellularfunctionsareuniquelydependentonmembranes.theinnermembraneisahighlyconvolutedme