Testing-Grammar-And-Vocabulary-如何测试语法和词汇

TestingGrammarAndVocabularyOutlineTestinggrammarWhytestgrammarWritingspecificationsSamplingWritingitemsScoringproductiongrammartestsTestingvocabularyWhytestvocabularyWhattotestItemwritingOthertestingtechniquesTestingGrammarWhytestgrammarAsfarasproficiencytestsareconcerned,therehasbeenaviewthatsinceitislanguageskillsthatareusuallyofinterest,thenitisthesewhichshouldbetesteddirectly,nottheabilitiesthatseemtounderliethem.Foronething,onecannotaccuratelypredictmasteryoftheskillbymeasuringcontrolofwhatwebelievetobetheabilitiesthatunderlieit.Foranother,thebackwasheffectoftestswhichmeasuremasteryofskillsdirectlymaybethoughtpreferabletothatoftestswhichmightencouragethelearningofgrammaticalstructuresinisolation,withnoapparentneedtousethem.Considerationsofthiskindhaveresultedintheabsenceofanygrammarcomponentinsomewell-knownproficiencytests.Butmostproficiencytestswhichareadministeredonalargescalestillretainagrammarsection.Evenifonehasdoubtsabouttestinggrammarinaproficiencytest,thereisoftengoodcausetoincludeagrammarcomponentintheachievement,placementanddiagnostictestsofteachinginstitutions.Ithastobeacceptedthatgrammaticalability,orratherthelackofit,setslimitstowhatcanbeachievedinthewayofskillsperformance.Forthemomentatleast,toobtainreliableandmorethanrudimentarydiagnosticinformationofthiskindwouldinvolvethedevelopmentandadministrationoflongandunwieldytests.Computer-basedtestingmaybringprogressinthisfieldinthenearfuture.WritingspecificationsForachievementtests:whenteachingobjectivesorthesyllabuslistthegrammaticalstructurestobetaught,specificationofcontentshouldbequitestraightforward.Whenthereisnosuchlistingitbecomesnecessarytoinferfromtextbooksandotherteachingmaterialswhatstructuresarebeingtaught.Specificationsforaplacementtestwillnormallyincludeallofthestructuresidentifiedinthisway,aswellas,thosestructuresthecommandofwhichistakenforgrantedineventhelowestclasses.SamplingGivingthetestcontentvaliditybyselectingwidelyfromthestructuresspecified.Consideringwhatareregardedforonereasonoranotherasthemostimportantstructures.Itshouldnotdeliberatelyconcentrateonthestructureswhichhappentobeeasiesttotest.WritingitemsMultiplechoiceitems(excessiveuseshouldbeavoided)Paraphrase,completion,andmodifiedclozeprovesufficientformostgrammartestingpurpose.Theyrequirestudenttosupplygrammaticalstructuresappropriatelyandnotsimplytorecognizetheircorrectuse.ParaphraseRequiringthestudentstowriteasentenceequivalentinmeaningtoonethatisgiven.Itishelpfultogivepartoftheparaphraseinordertorestrictthestudentstothegrammaticalstructurebeingtested.E.g.1.Testingpassive,pastcontinuousform.Whenwearrived,apolicemanwasquestioningthebankclerk.Whenwearrived,thebankclerkwas…………………………….2.TestingpresentperfectwithforItissixyearssinceIlastsawhim.I……………………………………………sixyears.CompletionUsedtotestavarietyofstructures.E.g.Inthefollowingconversation,thesentencesnumbered(1)to(6)havebeenleftincomplete.Completethemsuitably.Readthewholeconversationbeforeyoubegintoanswerthequestion.(Mr.ColewantsajobinMr.Gilbert’sexportbusiness.Hehascomeforaninterview.)Mr.Gilbert:Goodmorning,MrCole.Pleasecominandsitdown.Nowletmesee.(1)Whichschool…………………………?MrCole:WhitestoneCollege.P.143~144ModifiedClozeTestingprepositionsofplace:FillintheblankswithprepositionsaccordingtothepicturegivenonP144Johnlookedroundtheroom.Thebookwasstill……thetable.Thecatwas……thechair.Hewonderedwhatwas……thebox……thetelephone.Andsoon.Testingarticles(Candidatesarerequiredtowritethe,a,orNA-NOArticle.)InEnglandchildrengoto……schoolfromMondaytoFriday..……schoolthatMarygoestoisverysmall.Shewalksthereeachmorningwith……friend.Onemorningtheysaw……manthrowing……stonesand……piecesofwoodat……dog.……dogwasafraidof……man.Andsoon.TestingavarietyofgrammaticalstructuresWhentheoldmandied,……wasprobablynogreatjoy……heaven;andquitecertainlylittleifanyrealgriefinCharlburyDrive,thepleasantlyunpretentiouscul-de–sac……semi-detachedhousestowhichhe……retired.Testingsentencelinking(Aone-wordanswerisrequired)Thecouncilmustdosomethingtoimprovetransportinthecity.…………,theywilllosethenextelection.ScoringproductiongrammartestsThemostimportantthingistobeclearaboutwhateachitemistesting,andtoawardpointsforthatonly.Forvalidandreliablescoringofgrammaritemsofthekindadvocatedhere,carefulpreparationofthescoringkeyisnecessary.Akeyforitemsintheprevioussectionmightbealongthefollowinglines.Paraphrase1.MusthaveWasbeing……ed–1point2.Ihaven’t[orhavenot]–1pointseen–1pointforsixyears–1pointAlternatively,allthreeelementscouldberequiredforapointtobegiven,dependingontheinformationthatisbeinglookedfor.completionTheCambridgeFirstCertificateTestpack,fromwhichthecompletionitemsweretaken,isratherlessexplicitthanonemightwish(thoughnodoubtinanactualexaminationscorerswouldbegivenmoredetailedinstructions).Thus:Wholemarkforeachquestionformedcorrectlywithauxiliaryandinversion(exceptNo.6‘whyyouwantto’etc.)andwithtensesuitabletocontext.BonusforcontinuoustenseinNo.3.TheAmericanphrase‘quitcollege’for‘leaveschool’allowed.ModifiedclozeItishelpfulifcandidatesarerequi