高考英语复习之定语从句(讲义+练习)

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1定语从句1、定义:在主从复合句中,用来修饰某一___词或____词的从句叫定语从句。2、位置:定语从句置于被修饰词之___.Those________willingtoattendtheparty,signhereplease.基本形式:noun/pronoun+___________或__________+定从如:I’vereadallthebooks(that)youlentme.划线部分为________定从,先行词是______关系词是________先行词在定从中充当_________eg.Ihavelostmypen,whichIlikeverymuch.划线部分为________定从,其特点是____________________先行词是______关系词是________先行词在定从中充当_________3、先行词:被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词(1)先行词一般是名词和不定代词,如:some-,any-,every-和no与-boy,-thing的合成词;或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词,人称代词也同样可作先行词。(2)先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点:①先行词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。Thisistheplace____________worthvisiting.②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分,其意思就是先行词的意义,所以在从句中不能重复其意。TherearemanyplaceswecanvisittheminChina.(改错)4、关系词:引导定语从句的都称关系词。1).关系代词先行词关系代词用:在定从中充当的成分人物人或物人或物定语________as2).关系副词先行词关系副词用在定从中充当的成分时间名词地点名词原因名词先行词是“时间、地点、原因名词”时,并非总是用“when,where,why”来引导定从,应视该名词在定从中所充当的成分而定.不能引导非限制性定从的关系词是____________.5、确定关系词的步骤(1)先找关系词,看先行词指的是什么。(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。26、在定语从句中,当先行词指物时,下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which(1)先行词被①形容词最高级②序数词③基数词几种词修饰或被④only、any、few、little、no、all、oneof等修饰时。(2)先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。(3)先行词中既有人又有物时。Hewaslookingpleasantlyatthechildrenandparcels____filledhisbus.(4)先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。Thevillageisnolongertheone___was5yearsago.(5)当主句中含有疑问词which时。Whicharethebooks_______youboughtforme?(6)当主句“therebe“开头时,关系代词要用that引导的定语从句修饰该句型的主语。Therearefourdesksinthemiddleoftheoffice______areusedfortheteachers.(7)当先行词是“tobe“后面的表语时关系代词用that.Thisisthedictionary__wasboughtinthebookstoreyesterday7、宜用which而不用that的情况(1)在非限制性定语从句中(2)在关系词前有介词时(3)当先行词本身是that时(4)当关系词离先行词较远时(5)those/that+名词后的定语从句用which引导。不能用关系代词that。Thatpen______hetookismine.which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,不用that.Hesucceededinthecompetition,_____madehisparentsveryhappy.(6)关系代词后面有插入语时,用关系代词which.HereistheEnglishgrammarbook____,asIhavetoldyou,willhelptoimproveyourEnglish.8、关系词who与that指人时,也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词(1)当主句是therebe句型时,关系词用who。(2)先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时,关系词用who。(3)当主句是who作疑问词时,关系词用that。Whoisthatgirl_______standingbythewindow?(4)whom在从句中只作宾语,可被who取代。(5)当先行词是指人的集合名词时,如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who。Mr.Smithcametovisitmyfamily,_____werewatchingTVthen.Ourclass,______isaverygoodone,waspraisedagainatthemeeting.(6)当先行词有较长的后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中,宜用关系代词who:Pro.Wangiscomingsoon_____willgiveusatalkonhowtolearnEnglish.(7)当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时,常用who:3Theaunt/uncle____cametoseeuslastweekismybrother’ssister.9、whose作关系词既指人又指物,在从句中作定语。DoyouknowMr.Smith___storyisverymoving?Thereisaroom,____windowfacestheriver.Thereisaroom,thewindow_______facestheriver.10、关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。(1)先行词被such,so和thesame修饰,或句型asmany(much)中,从句都用as引导。Suchbooks____youbought_____useful.Theschoolisjustthesame____itwas10yearsage.注意:区别①such…that…引导的结果状语从句。Theyaresuchlovelychildren____welovethemmuch.②thesame…that…引导定语从句。Iwanttousethesametool____youusedjustnow.(2)无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。区别:①意义上:as含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上:as从句可置句首,也可在另处。3as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。Hedidn’tpasstheexam,_____wehadexpected.Thereislotsofairinloosesnow,______cankeepthecoldout._____isknown,theearthisround,notflat.Itrainedhardyesterday,____preventedmefromgoingtothepark..A.thatB.whichC.asD.it1.这和我昨天丢掉的笔是一样的.Thisisthesamepen______Ilostyesterday.2.这正是我昨天丢掉的笔.Thisisthesamepen_______Ilostyesterday.3.Heissuchafunnysortofperson______Idon’tunderstandatall.4.Thestoneissoheavy_____noneofuscanlift.5.It’ssuchaheavystone_______noneofuscanliftit.6.Lasttermourmathsteachersetsodifficultanexaminationproblem______noneofusworkedout.11、关系副词when指时间=in/at/on/duringwhichwhere指地点=in/at/from/whichwhy指原因=forwhich当先行词为way、day、reason、time时,可用that作关系副词。(非正式场合)Idon’tliketheway___/________/_____hetalks.当time作先行词时,关系词可以省掉。Thisisthefirsttime______IhavegivenyoualessoninFrench.12、定语从句与强调句。①定语从句中关系词作从句成分,复合句。4②强调it无意义,that/who不是引导词。③强调itis/was和that/who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句,讲不通则不是。Itisthemuseumt__________wevisitedlastyear.(_____句)Itwasinthehotel____westayedlastnight.(_____句)13、定语从句与同位语从句。①定语从句引导词被称为关系词,that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。②同位语从句引导词被叫做连词,that不能充当任何成分,不可省。Wordcame____theirarmywasdefeated.(_____语)Weexpressedtothemourwish_____wasthesameastheir.(_____语)14、关系词在从句中省略。①关系词作宾语,前无介词时。②关系词作表语。15、介词+关系代词:关系词前有介词或复杂介词,关系词只能是which和whom。Shehascollected600stamps,60%of____areGermanstamps.像listento,lookat,dependon,payattentionto,takecareof等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。Thisistheboy_____shehastakencareof.介词在关系代词前时,只能用which和whom不能用that代替,也不可省略;介词在句尾时,关系代词可which,that,whom,who,都行,而且还可以省略。Thisisthedrawerin______Iputmyletters.=Thisisthedrawer________Iputmylettersin.关系代词前介词的确定:1)根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系Isthatthenewspaper_________whichyouoftenwritearticles?2)根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭Canyouexplaintomehowtousetheseidioms____whichI’mnotsure.3)根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯,1949wastheyear___________whichtheP.R.C.wasfounded.4)非限制性定语从句中,要表示先行词的一部分时,可用“数词/代词+of+关系代词”的结构Thereare50studentsinourclass,two-thirdsofwhomhavebeentoBeijing.5.)Whose从句可转换为“______+______________”型Theyliveinahouse,whosedooropenstothesouth.=Theylivedinahouse,_______________thedooropenstothesouth./Theylivedinahouse,___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