1非谓语动词一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能(一)概述:在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式(theInfinitive);动名词(theGerund);现在分词(thePresentParticiple);过去分词(thePastParticiple)。1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有:1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:Theybuiltagarden.Theysuggestedbuildingagarden.2)都可以被状语修饰:Thesuitfitshimverywell.Thesuitusedtofithimverywell.3)都有主动与被动,“体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如:Hewaspunishedbyhisparents.(谓语动词被动语态)Heavoidedbeingpunishedbyhisparents.(动名词的被动式)Wehavewrittenthecomposition.(谓语动词的完成时)Havingwrittenthecomposition,wehandeditin.(现在分词的完成式)4)都可以有逻辑主语Theystartedtheworkatonce.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)Thebossorderedthemtostartthework.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)WeareLeaguemembers.(谓语动词的主语)WebeingLeaguemember,theworkwaswelldone.(现在分词的逻辑主语)2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有:1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。(二)非谓语动词的句法功能:句子成分非谓语主语表语宾语补语定语状语同位语不定式动名词(极少)现在分词过去分词二、非谓语动词用法:(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。1、不定式的形式:主动被动一般式towritetobewritten进行式tobewriting/完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten否定式:not+(to)do1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,I’m2gladtomeetyou.Heseemstoknowalot.Weplantopayavisit.Hewantstobeanartist.Thepatientaskedtobeoperatedonatonce.Theteacherorderedtheworktobedone.2、不定式的句法功能:1)作主语:Tofinishtheworkintenminutesisveryhard.Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.动词不定式短语作主语时,常用形式主语it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式:Itisveryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes.Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart.2)作表语:Herjobistocleanthehall.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.3)作宾语:常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:MarxfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:Ihavenochoicebuttostayhere.HedidnothinglastSundaybutrepairhisbike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:HegaveussomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.4)作宾语补足语:在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,callon,waitfor,invite.此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:Withalotofworktodo,hedidn’tgotothecinema.有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to,如:Isawhimcrosstheroad.Hewasseentocrosstheroad.5)作定语:动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:A)动宾关系:Ihaveameetingtoattend.注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.Whatdidyouopenitwith?如果不定式修饰time,place,way,可以省略介词:Hehasnoplacetolive.Thisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:Haveyougotanythingtosent?Haveyougotanythingtobesent?B)说明所修饰名词的内容:Wehavemadeaplantofinishthework.C)被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:Heisthefirsttogethere.6)作状语:A)表目的:3Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:wrong:Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.right:Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.wrong:TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.right:TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary.B)表结果:Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调:Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.C)表原因:Theywereverysadtohearthenews.D)表程度:It’stoodarkforustoseeanything.Thequestionissimpleforhimtoanswer.7)作独立成分:Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlikethewayhetalked.8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。Ifyoudon’twanttodoit,youdon’tneedto.9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。Hewishedtostudymedicineandbecomeadoctor.(二)动名词:动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。1、动名词的形式:语态式主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone否定式:not+动名词1)一般式:Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。2)被动式:Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3)完成式:Werememberedhavingseenthefilm.我们记得看过这部电影。4)完成被动式:HeforgothavingbeentakentoGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.5)否定式:not+动名词Iregretnotfollowinghisadvice.我后悔没听他的劝告。6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+动名词Hesuggestedourtryingitonceagain.他建议我们再试一次。HisnotknowingEnglishtroubledhimalot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2、动名词的句法功能:1)作主语:Readingaloudisveryhelpful.朗读是很有好处的。Collectingstampsisinteresting.集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。It’snousequarrelling.争吵是没用的。2)作表语:Intheantcity,thequeen’sjobislayingeggs.43)作宾语:Theyhaven’tfinishedbuildingthedam.他们还没有建好大坝。Wehavetopreventtheairfrombeingpolluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:Wefounditnogoodmakingfunofothers.我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid(避免),excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit(承认),deny(否认),mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk(冒险),appreciate(感激),bebusy,beworth,feellike,can’tstand,can’thelp,thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent…(from),keep…from,stop…(from),protect…from,setabout,beengagedin,spend…(in),succeedin,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,insiston,feellike4)作定语:Hecan’twalkwithoutawalking-stick.他没有拐杖不能走路。Isthereaswimmingpoolinyourschool.你们学校有游泳池吗?5)作同位语:Thecave,hishiding-placeissecret.那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。Hishabit,listeningtothenewsontheradioremainsunchanged.(三)现在分词:现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1、现在分词的形式:现在及物动词write不及物动词go分词主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式writingbeingwrittengoing完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwrittenhavinggone否定式:not+现在分词1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:Theywenttothepark,singingandtalking.他们边唱边说向公园走去。Havingdonehishomework,heplayedbasket-ball.做完作业,他开始打兰球。2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的