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语法内容----从句一．从句的分类主语从句（谓语之前）Thisiswhathetoldmelastnight.表语从句（系动词之后）Whathesaidistrue.宾语从句（实意动词之后）Tellmewhathesaidatthemeeting.同位语从句名词之后，与名词是等同关系）Thenewsthathewillcomemakesmehappy.（解释thenews)定语从句（修饰名词或代词）Thenewsthathetolemeistrue状语从句（修饰动词）1.)时间.....Istayedhomewhilehawasaway.(说明呆家的时间）2.)地点....Youshouldputthebookwhereitwas.(说明放的位置）3.原因....Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill.(说明没来的原因）4.)结果...HeransofastthatIcouldn’tcatchcuphim(他跑得快导致的结果）5.)目的...Weleftearlysothatwecouldcatchthefirsttrain.(说明我们早出发的目的）6.)条件...Iwillnotlendthebooktoyouunlessyoureturnitintime.(说明我借书给你的前提条件）7.）让步...(Althoughhemayhavetoldyou,Istillthinksheisnottobetrusted.(说明就算退一步讲，我也不信任她）8.）方式...YoushoulddoasItellyou.(说明你要做的方式）9.）比较...Theroomisbiggerthanthatone.(形容/副词的比较用法）二、从句的连接词(根据从句类型来用）1.名词性从句-主语从句陈述句（that)宾语从句-----根据从句类型一般疑问句(weather/if)表语从句特殊疑问句(what/how/when/同位语...-where/why/who.)以宾从为例陈述句：Hesaidthathecouldhelpme.(Icanhelpyou)一般问句Heaskedweather/ifIcouldhelphim.(Canyouhelpme?)特殊问句：HeaskedwhatIwasdoing.(Whatareyoudoing?HeaskedhowIdidit?.(Howdidyoudoit?)(2）主语从句的倒装(it作形式主语）Thatheisadoctoristrue.=Itistruethatheisadoctor千真万确，他是个医生。Whethershecomesornotmakesnodifference.=Itisnodifferencewhethershecomesornot.她来不来都没关系。Whowasresponsiblefortheaccidentisnotyetclear.=Itisnotyetclearwhowasresponsiblefortheaccident.还不清楚谁对此事负责人。2.定语从句(根据先行词在从句中的成分确定）主语（人）--who(that可代)宾语（人）--whom(that可省可代）主语（物）--which（that可代）宾语（物）--which（that可省可代）定语（人的）--whose（物的）--whose状语(修饰动词状态）时间when地点where原因whyThechildrenwhohadbeenwatchingstartedtolaugh.一直在旁观看的小孩们开始笑了起来。（人主--who/that)Theboy(whom)yousawyesterdayisherenow.你昨天见到的那个男孩现在就在那儿。（Yousawtheboy,人宾--whom(that)可省可代）Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisscary.窗户破了的那所房子很恐怖。（thewindowsofthehouse,物的-whose=ofwhich,定语)IshallneverforgetthedaywhenIenteredtheuniversity.我永远不会忘记上大学的那一天。ThisisthefactorywhereIworkedthreeyearsago.这就是我三年前工作过的工厂。（Iworkedinthefactory)Hedidn’ttellmethereasonwhyhewassosad.他没有告诉我他那么伤心的原因。(Idon’tknowwhyhewassosad)(2)限定性和非限定性.....（不可用that）从句逗号，连接词从句作用限定非有不可无可省可代说明名词/代词非限定可有可无有“，”不省不代说明名/代词/句子Thisisthebookwhich(that)hegaveme.(限定性定从）Hegavemeabookyesterday,whichisuseful.（没有which句子完整，which不可省也不可用that来代替）（3）As和which用于非限定定语从句As“正如.......”；(位置可前可后）Which“这.....”（因果关系，位置：主句，which...)Hewaslateagain,ascouldbeexpected.他又迟到了，正如预料的那样。Hewaslateagain,whichmademeangry.他又迟到了，这让我很生气。（4）介词+which/whom......（根据习惯搭配；上下文意义确定介词）ThecompanyinwhichIamworkingisalargeone.我上班的那个公司是家大型公司。(Iamworkinginthecompany.Thecompanyisalargeone.Thepersonwithwhomyoutalkedisafamouswriter.和你谈话的那个人是一位有名的作家。（Youtalkedwiththeperson.Thepersonisafamouswriter)ThisistheprogramofwhichIwasspeaking.这就是我所说的节目。（Iwasspeakingoftheprogram.Thisistheprogram.)（5）定语从句和同位语从句（修饰名词）定从--根据成分确定关联词（主宾定状，人/物）同位语--与被修饰名词是等同关系根据从句类型确(陈述；一般、特殊）对被修饰名词进一步说明Thenewswhichhetoldmemadehappy.(thenews物主--which)Thenewsthathecouldcomemademehappy.(thenews=hecouldcome)（6）定语从句和强调句型强调句型---Itis/was+被强调部分（除谓语外）+that+......定语从句--Itis+名词/代词+that+.....Itisinthisshopthatwemetyesterday.（去掉Itis...that=Wemetinthisshopyesterday)Itistheshopwherewemetyesterday.(去掉Itis...that句子不完整）（7）插入语位置：在关联词之后关联词不变含义变窄Theywenttotheplacewheretheybelievedtheycouldfindfood.Thisisthebookwhichhesaidisusefulforus.3.状语从句的连接词---逐一记忆1.)时间.....（1.）when特指过去或将来的某一时刻（bedoing/beaboutto)正当.....突然as两个动作同时发生while一段时间然而；却（AB两者的对比）Heenteredtheroomwhenthemeetingwasgoingon.(他进房间是会议进行的时候）Hesangsongsashewastalkingabath.(唱歌和洗澡两个动作同时进行）Istayedhomewhilehewasaway.(我待在家是在他离开的那段时间）Heknewhowtoanswerthequestion,whileIcouldn’tanswerit.(他知道答案与我不知道怎么回答之间的对比）（2.）before(一段时间）之前after在....之后until直到...为止（A...延续...B）not....until直到.....才（A...非延续性动词...B，not放句首，需倒装）I’llwaituntilhecomesback.我会等到他回来为止。NotuntilhetoldmedidIknowit.直到他告诉我，我才直到这个消息。(3)一...就assoonashemoment=theminute=theinstantimmediatelyonce放句首须倒装hardly/barely/scarcely....whenNosooner......thanTheinstanttheresultcameout,shetoldus.结果一出来，她就告诉我们。Immediatelyhecamehome,Itoldhimaboutit.他一回家，我就把消息告诉他）Jackhadhardlyseenmewhenhelefttheroom.（4)anytime随时；任何时候eachtime每次（个别）everytime每次（整体）theday那一天theyear那一年Youcancallmeanytimeyouwantto.你随时都可以给我打电话。EverytimeImethim,Ifoundhimtobetaller.每次我见到他，感觉他又长高了。2.)地点....Where特指Wherever泛指，无论何处Everywhere每个地方Anywhere任何地方Youshouldputthebookwhereitwas.Whereveryougo,youmustobeythelaw.不论到何处，都必须守法。Everywheretheywent,theywerekindlyreceived.他们每到之处都受到又好接待。3.)原因....(因为）because+直接原因（主句+because,不加so）As/since/nowthat/inthat+间接原因/seeing/consideringthatFor+推测的根据（主句，+for)Wedidnotgooutbecauseitwasraining.(我们没外出的直接原因是下雨）Itismorning,forthebirdsaresinging.（根据鸟儿的歌唱声判断是清晨）4.)结果.....如此....以至于so（形容词/副词）....thatSuch（名词）....thatSothat;that;so（放主句之后）HeransofastthatIcouldn’tcatchuphim.HegavemesuchgoodadvicethatIfinishthetaskeasily.Hemadeawrongdecision,sothathalfofhislifetimewaswasted.5.)目的......Sothat为了（放主句前/后，常与情态动词can/should/will等连用）Inorderthat为了Lest;forfearthat害怕；唯恐Incase以防；万一Hespokeloudlysothateveryonecouldhearhim.Takeataxiincaseyouarelateforthemeeting.Ihidthebookforfearthatshecouldseeit.6.)条件......If如果（强调两种可能性）Unless=if...not如果....不（唯一条件）Onlyif“只要”（放句首要倒装）Ifonly但愿；要是（用虚拟语气）Ifyouhaveagoodeatinghabit,youcanstayhealthy.(如果有好的饮食习惯，就能保持健康，如果没有，就无