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1SURFACEFACILITIESFORWATERFLOODING&SALTWATERDISPOSALPublishedbyRikeService,Inc.NewOrleans,Louisiana(USA):EvaporationRiverandstreamdisposalTidewater&oceandisposalPressure&gravityinjectionintosubsurfaceformationsFUNDAMENTALS5SourcewaterforfloodsmaybeofseveraloriginsWaterassociatedwithoil&gasproductionOceans,lakes&riversSubsurfaceaquifersFUNDAMENTALS6MustobtainapprovalApply&presenttestimonyReservoirdataWelldataSurfacefacilitiesEconomicfeasibilitystudiesGOVERNMENTREGULATIONS7AgenciesinvolvedinUSAStateregulatorsU.S.G.S.Fish&wildlifecommissionsEnvironmentalprotectionagenciesMoreaddedallthetimeGOVERNMENTREGULATIONS8SurfacedisposalsystemsGatherwaterfordisposalintopits,streams,tidewateroroceansDESIGNTOMEETREGULATIONS9LeasesmaybetiedintofieldgatheringlinesTreatwaterforremovalofoilDESIGNTOMEETREGULATIONS10MayrequireclarificationforstreamdisposalUnsightlyappearancecreatesproblemswithland-ownersandgovernmentinspectorsDESIGNTOMEETREGULATIONS11Subsurfacedisposalsystems&waterfloodsystemsMustprovideallfourbasicsteps(gathering,treating,storage&injection)DESIGNTOMEETREGULATIONS12ThreetypesofsystemsOpen—waterincontactwithairClosed—airexcludedfromsystemSemi-closed—oilorgasblankettoexcludeairDESIGNTOMEETREGULATIONS13TwomaindesignfactorsCharacteristicsofwatertobeinjectedCharacteristicsofinjectionwellDESIGNTOMEETREGULATIONS14OpenSystemWaterstabilityintheformationhasbeenlostbyproductionprocess,reducingpressureandtemperatureandremovinginorganicandorganicgas.Watermustbetreatedanyway.OPENVS.CLOSEDSYSTEMS15ClosedSystemWaterisstableintheformationandifnotallowedtocomeintocontactwithair,itcanbeinjectedwithminimumtreatment.OPENVS.CLOSEDSYSTEMS16OpensystemprocessesOilskimmingAerationChemicaladditionRetentiontimeforsettlingFiltrationCorrosion/bacteriacontrolOPENVS.CLOSEDSYSTEMS17ClosedsystemprocessesOilskimmingFiltrationCorrosion/bacteriacontrolOPENVS.CLOSEDSYSTEMS18AdvantagesofopensystemsWhenwatercontainsexcessivesolidsWhenwatergatheredfromnumerousbatteriesOPENVS.CLOSEDSYSTEMS19AdvantagesofclosedsystemsExclusionofoxygenpreventsironprecipitatesfromformingExclusionofoxygenholdscorrosiontolowerratePressurepreventsreleaseofcarbondioxideandsubsequentprecipitationofcalcium&magnesiumOPENVS.CLOSEDSYSTEMS20AdvantagesofclosedsystemsAerobicbacteriaareeliminatedChemicaltreatmentforflocculationiseliminatedWaterstabilitymaintainedifproducedwaterisre-injectedOPENVS.CLOSEDSYSTEMS21ClosedsystemrequirementsGassealonallholdingtanksOilsealwillnotexcludeairOPENVS.CLOSEDSYSTEMS22WatercharacteristicsSuspendedsolidspresentCorrosivenatureofwaterBacterialcontentCompatibilityofproduced&injectedwaterScaleformingtendenciesSUBSURFACEINJECTIONSYSTEMDESIGN23InjectionwellcharacteristicsMechanicsNatureofformationSUBSURFACEINJECTIONSYSTEMDESIGN24TypesandoriginsOilSilt&sandIronoxideIronsulfideCalciumcarbonateCalciumsulfateBariumsulfateAlgae&fungusSUSPENDEDSOLIDSINWATER25PreventsolidsfromformingorinstallfacilitiestoremovethembeforeinjectingImproveoiltreatingUsecorrosionresistantmaterialsUsechemicalstocontrolprecipitates,bacteria&algaeSUSPENDEDSOLIDSINWATER26Milliporefiltertestsdetermineamount&typeofsolidsatdifferentlocationsFilterdiscsfrom5millimicronsto0.45micronsFlowwateratconstantpressurefor30min.MeasurefiltrateattimedintervalsSUSPENDEDSOLIDSINWATER27Plotvolumethroughoutvs.flowrateAnalyzesolidstodeterminecompositionSUSPENDEDSOLIDSINWATER28CORROSIONCorrosionoccursduetonaturaltendencyofsteeltoreverttoironorePyriteSideriteGoethiteLimoniteComplexsulfidesandothers29CORROSIONCorrosionagentsOxygenHydrogensulfideCarbondioxideOrganicacids30CORROSIONOxygencausesthegreatestamountofcorrosioninsaltwatersystemsRapidpittingofsteelGraphiticcorrosionofcastironFoulingofsystemandwellwithrust31CORROSIONControllingcorrosionRemovetheagentIsolatemetalfromtheagentInhibitagainstit32CORROSIONMostsystemsrequireremovalofoxygenVacuumde-aerationChemicalde-aerationwithscavengers(Sodiumsulfite,sulfurdioxide)33CORROSIONMethodstoisolateagentsfromsteelCoatings(cement,organic,ceramic,plastic,etc.)Corrosiveresistantmaterials(alloys,porcelain,plastic,fiberglass,etc.)34CORROSIONInhibitorsarefilm-formingorganiccompoundsChangewettabilityofsteelNoteffectivewhenoxygenisgreaterthan1ppm35BACTERIASulfatereducingbacteriaCausesseverecorrosionPlugsoffinjectionwellsSmallcurvedrod-orspiral-shapedOccurinsoil,sewage,freshwater&seawaterAnaerobic,butgrowinseveralppmO2NotkilledbyaerationAbundantinproducedwater36CORROSIONCorrosionprocessisremovalofhydrogenformedatcathodicareasofmetalsReduce