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高一物理名词概念规律集合（中英文对照）力学力学mechanics力force力是物体间的作用Forceistheinteractionofobjects.力的图示forcediagram力有大小和方向Aforcehasbothamagnitudeandadirection.牛顿Newton动力和阻力motiveforceandresistance重力gravitationalforce重量weight弹簧秤aspringbalance重心centerofgravityorgravitationalcenter质量分布均匀的物体（匀质物体），重心的位置只跟物体的形状有关Forabodywithhomogeneouslydistributedmass(homogeneousbody),thelocationofitsgravitationalcenterdependsonitsshape.弹力elasticforce拉力，压力和支持力full,pressureandsupportingforce形变deformation弹性限度elasticlimit拉伸形变，压缩形变，弯曲形变，扭转形变stretcheddeformation,presseddeformation,bendingdeformation,twistdeformation压力的方向垂直于支持面指向被压的物体，支持力的方向垂直于支持面指向被支持的物体Thedirectionofapressureisperpendiculartothesupportingsurfaceandpointstothepressedobject,whilethedirectionofasupportingforceisperpendiculartothesupportingsurfacebutpointstothesupportedobject.胡克定律Hook’slaw:Theextensionofapieceofwireisdirectlyproportionaltotheappliedforceprovidingthelimitofproportionalityisnotexceeded.摩擦力frictionalforce滑动摩擦力slidingfrictionalforce滑动摩擦力的方向总是跟接触面相切，并且跟物体相对运动的方向相反Thedirectionoftheslidingfrictionalforceisalwaystangentialtothesurfacesincontactandisoppositetothedirectionoftherelativemotion.滑动摩擦力跟压力成正比Theslidingfrictionalforceisdirectlyproportionaltothepressure.动摩擦因数thedynamicfrictionfactor滚动摩擦rollingfriction静摩擦力staticfrictionalforce静摩擦力的方向总是跟接触因相切，并且跟物体相对运动趋势的方向Thedirectionofthestaticfrictionalforceisalwaystangentialtothecontactingsurfacesandisintheoppositedirectiontothetendencyoftherelativemotion.相反最大静摩擦力themaximumstaticfrictionalforce力的合成compositionofforces合力resultant(force)共点力concurrentforces:Ifanumberofforcesactonthesamepointofanobject,ortheirlinesofapplicationintersectatacommonpoint,theforcesarecalledtheconcurrentforces.力的等效替代equivalentandsubstitutionofforce平行四边行定则theparallelogramrule矢量和标量VectorandScalar力的分解resolutionofforce分力component运动学机械运动mechanicalmotion参考系referencesystem质点masspoint轨迹locus直线运动rectilinearmotion曲线运动curvilinearmotion时刻和时间momentandtimeinterval位移和路程displacementanddistance匀速直线运动uniformrectilinearmotion:Ifanobjectismovingalongastraightlineandtravelsanequaldistanceinanequaltimeintervals,thismotioniscalleduniformrectilinearmotion.位移-时间图像distance-tinegraph变速直线运动variablestraight-linemotion速度和速率velocityandspeed平均速度和瞬时速度Averagevelocityandinstantaneousvelocity速率instantaneousspeedorspeed速度-时间图像velocity-timegraph匀变速直线运动uniformvariablerectilinearmotion:Ifthechangesofthevelocityareequalinequaltimeinvariablerectilinearmotion,themotioniscalleduniformvariablerectilinearmotion.加速度acceleration初速度initialvelocity末速度finalvelocity自由落体运动free-fallmotion自由落体加速度，重力加速度free-fallaccelerationorgravitationalacceleration牛顿运动定律Newton’slawsofmotion牛顿第一定律Newton’sfirstlawofmotion:Allobjectscontinuetobeinitsstateofuniformrectilinearmotionorstateofrestuntilbeingcompelledtochangeitsstatesbysomeforces.牛顿第二定律Newton’ssecondlawofmotion:Theaccelerationofanobjectisindirectproportiontotheresultantforceactingonitandininverseproportiontothemass,theaccelerationisinthesamedirectionastheresultant.牛顿第三定律Newton’sthirdlawofmotion:Theactionandreactionforcesoftwobodiesarealwaysequalinmagnitude,oppositeindirectionandactingonthesamestraightline.惯性inertia:Theinertiaofabodyonlydependsonitsmass.理想实验hypotheticalexperiments运动学kinematics动力学dynamics气垫导轨aircushionguide基本单位和导出单位fundamentalunitsandderivedunits超重和失重，完全失重overweightandweightlessness，completeweightlessness共点力作用下物体的平衡equilibriumofanobjectactedonbyconcurrentforces力的平衡equilibriumoftheforces圆周运动物体做曲线运动的条件theconditionforabodytobeincurvilinearmotion:Whenthedirectionofthenetforceabodyexperiencesandthedirectionofthevelocityofthebodydonotfallinthesamestraightline,thebodyisincurvilinearmotion.运动的合成与分解compositionandresolutionofmotion分运动与合运动componentmotionsandresultantmotion合位移与分位移resultantdisplacementandcomponentdisplacement合速度与分速度resultantvelocityandcomponentvelocity平抛运动motionofhorizontallyprojectedobjects平抛运动projectilemotion:Ifyouthrowanobjecthorizontallywithacertaininitialvelocity,neglectingairresistance,thebodywillmovewithonlytheforceofgravityactingonit.Suchmotioniscalledprojectilemotion.Anprojectilemotioncanberesolvedintoahorizontaluniformrectilinearmotionandaverticalfree-fallmotion.匀速圆周运动uniformcircularmotion:Ifaparticle,movingalongacircle,passesanequalarcinequaltime,thismotioniscalleduniformcircularmotion.线速度，角速度，周期和频率linearvelocity,angularvelocity,periodandfrequency转速rotationalspeed(itsunitisrevolutionspersecond)向心力centripetalforce向心加速度centripetalacceleration切向加速度tangentialacceleration离心现象centrifugalphenomenon离心运动centrifugalmotion天一运动万有引力定律thelawofuniversalgravitation:Everyparticleofmatterintheuniverseattractseveryotherparticlewithaforcedirectlyproportionaltotheproductoftheirmassesandinverselyproportionaltothesquareddistancebetweenthem.引力常量gravitationalconstant天体celestialbody人造卫星artificialsatellite宇宙速度（thefirst/second/third）cosmicvelocity功和能功和能workandenergy机械能mechanicalenergy焦耳joule正功和负功positiveworkandnegativework功率power瓦特watt平均功率与瞬时功率averagepowerandinstantaneouspower动能与势能kineticenergyandpotentialenergy动能定理theoremofkineticenergy:Theworkdonebytheresultantforceonabodyis